Table 1.
Means (SDs) and within-group effect sizes of change in the mindfulness meditation, heart rate variability biofeedback, and physical exercise groups for attention control, executive functioning, mindful awareness, self-compassion, and worrying, at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up, in the total sample, the optimal dose sample, and the equal dose sample
| Total sample | Optimal dose sample | Equal dose sample | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) pre-test | M (SD) post-test | M (SD) FU | ES pre-post | ES pre-FU | ES pre-post | ES pre-FU | ES pre-post | ES pre-FU | ||
| ACS | MM | 50.11 (9.43) | 51.76 (8.33) | 53.75 (7.85) | 0.13 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.95 | 0.34 | 0.88 |
| HRV-BF | 52.72 (7.84) | 53.67 (8.88) | 52.48 (8.17) | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.02 | |
| PE | 52.22 (9.66) | 55.09 (8.18) | 54.90 (8.68) | 0.39 | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.64 | |
| BRIEF-A | MM | 127.89 (25.30) | 123.76 (22.42) | 118.20 (24.47) | 0.14 | 0.68 | 0.19 | 0.73 | 0.36 | 0.88 |
| HRV-BF | 119.52 (15.88) | 121.58 (17.15) | 119.57 (17.15) | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.06 | |
| PE | 122.35 (19.49) | 120.23 (25.10) | 119.05 (28.46) | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.46 | 0.24 | 0.34 | |
| FFMQ | MM | 77.85 (9.81) | 80.80 (7.82) | 81.17 (9.95) | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.61 | 0.89 | 0.48 | 0.52 |
| HRV-BF | 77.28 (11.09) | 83.67 (8.89) | 83.30 (8.44) | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.88 | 1.22 | 0.81 | 0.78 | |
| PE | 74.57 (10.50) | 82.82 (10.17) | 80.35 (10.48) | 0.99 | 0.61 | 1.02 | 0.62 | 1.24 | 0.79 | |
| SCS | MM | 3.90 (1.13) | 4.32 (0.98) | 4.31 (1.10) | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.62 | 0.44 | 0.49 |
| HRV-BF | 4.07 (1.08) | 4.35 (1.12) | 4.21 (1.10) | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.45 | 0.12 | 0.53 | 0.14 | |
| PE | 3.76 (0.76) | 4.21 (0.87) | 4.12 (0.99) | 0.78 | 0.36 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.58 | |
| PSWQ | MM | 56.78 (13.87) | 53.12 (13.42) | 53.08 (15.89) | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.62 | 0.46 | 0.59 |
| HRV-BF | 51.40 (14.32) | 48.42 (14.28) | 48.70 (14.31) | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.77 | 0.99 | 0.58 | 0.56 | |
| PE | 53.91 (13.56) | 49.73 (14.65) | 50.35 (14.37) | 0.69 | 0.47 | 0.84 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.51 | |
ACS Attention Control Scale, BRIEF-A Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Adult version, ES effect size, FFMQ Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, FU follow-up, HRV-BF heart rate variability biofeedback, MM mindfulness meditation, PE physical exercise, PSWQ Penn State Worry Questionnaire, SCS Self-Compassion Scale
Optimal dose: participants with >70% of the prescribed exercise time