. 2016;18(2):73–89. doi: 10.3909/riu0713

Table 3.

Selected Studies Investigating Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance or Infectious Complications Following TRUS-Bx

Study	Year	Sample Size	Methodology	Country	Risk Factors	Outcome Variables
Study	Year	Size	Methodology	Country	Risk Factors	Outcome Variables
Akduman B et al⁵⁹	2011	558	Retrospective	United States	Prolonged FQ antibiotic exposure	Sepsis
Bruyere F et al³⁸	2015	2718	Prospective	France	Age, antibiotic exposure, history of prostatitis, PSA, type and duration of antibiotics	Infectious complications (fever with positive urine culture, LUTS)
Carignan A et al⁶⁵	2012	5798	Retrospective	Canada	Age, chronic renal failure, COPD, diabetes, metastatic neoplasm, prior hospitalization within 1 mo, PSA, urinary catheter, and urologic pathology	Infectious complications (not defined)
Cohen JE et al⁶³	2015	814	Prospective	United States	Age, diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart disease, hypertension, prostate volume, and PSA	FQ-resistant rectal flora
Dai J et al³³	2015	487	Retrospective	United States	Age, prior biopsy, prior hospitalization, PSA, and race/ethnicity	FQ-resistant rectal flora
Duplessis CA et al⁶⁷	2012	235	Retrospective	United States	Age, antibiotic exposure, prior biopsies, prophylaxis (ciprofloxacin), and race/ethnicity	Infectious complications (bacteremia, fever, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, UTI, sepsis)
Ehdaie B et al⁶¹	2014	591	Prospective	United States	Age, antibiotic exposure, benign prostatic hypertrophy, diabetes, and prior biopsies	Infectious complications (fever, hospitalization for infection, positive blood or urine culture)
HsiehT-Y et al²⁵	2015	263	Retrospective	Taiwan	Age, antibiotic prophylaxis, diabetes, hypertension, and prostate cancer	Infectious complications (chills, fever, macroscopic hematuria with blood clots, severe LUTS)
Hwang EC et al³⁶	2015	814	Retrospective	Korea	Antibiotic exposure, diabetes, povidone-iodine enema, prostate volume, and PSA	FQ-resistant rectal culture. Infectious complications (fever, bacteremia, prostatitis, UTI, sepsis)
Kam SC et al⁵⁶	2014	1083	Retrospective	Korea	Age, prostate volume, and PSA	Infectious complication (prostatitis)
Kamdar C et al⁶⁸	2008	378	Retrospective	United States	Hospital employee and relative of hospital employee	Bacteremia

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; FQ, fluoroquinolone; LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; UTI, urinary tract infection; TRUS-Bx, transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.