Table 1.

Validated instruments administered pre-, mid-, and post-study.

Measure	Description
Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS)	The DDS is a 17-item instrument that assesses the emotional, physician-related, regimen-related, and interpersonal aspects of diabetes distress, and provides an indication of diabetes-related quality of life [13].
Diabetes Empowerment Scale - Short Form (DES-SF)	The DES-SF is a 28-item instrument used to measure psychosocial self-efficacy of diabetes self-management. This tool focuses on (1) managing diabetes, (2) assessing readiness to change, and (3) willingness to set goals and change behaviors [14,15].
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) measure	The SDSCA is a 11-item instrument that assesses individual levels of diabetes self-care, focusing on general diet, specific diet, exercise, medication adherence, blood-glucose testing, smoking, and foot care [16].
The Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) App - User Version	The MARS is a 26-item instrument used to evaluate the quality, functionality, and overall satisfaction of the mobile app itself [17].