Table 5.
Definition of periodontitis, periodontal assessment and definition of smoking
| Author & year | Definition of chronic periodontitis | Periodontal assessment | Smokers |
|---|---|---|---|
| Al – Zahrani et al. 2012 [8] | ≥ 20 teeth, CAL ≥ 3 mm at ≥ 30 of the sites (generalized moderate/severe chronic periodontits) |
Full-mouth periodontal examination on all teeth excluding 3rd molars and partially erupted teeth | Smokers excluded |
| Bouaziz et al. 2015 [28] | ≥ 12 teeth, ≥ 30 % of sites with CAL ≥ 3 mm (moderate-to-severe generalized chronic periodontitis) |
Full-mouth clinical measurements included the following: 1) PI, 2) BOP, 3) PD (mm), 4) CAL (mm), PI, BOP, PD, and CAL measurements were performed using a manual periodontal probe at 6 sites per tooth, PD was defined as the distance from the free gingival margin to the bottom of the pocket/sulcus, and CAL was defined as the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the bottom of the pocket/sulcus |
Non-smoker or former smoker since ≥ 5 years |
| Duzagac et al. 2015 [29] | ≥ 20 teeth, PD ≥ 4 mm in ≥ 30 % of periodontal sites, BOP in ≥ 50 % of periodontal sites, interproximal CAL > 2 mm in ≥ 20 % of periodontal sites, radiographic evidence of bone loss, as described by Armitage [177] |
A Williams-type periodontal probe (UNC15, Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the measurements of periodontal parameters, including PI (Silness–Löe) [178], GI (Löe–Silness) [179], BOP, PD and CAL, all clinical periodontal measurements were performed at 6 sites per tooth (mesiobuccal, mid-buccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, mid-lingual and distolingual), excluding third molars |
Smokers excluded |
| Eldin et al. 2013 [30] | n.r. (chronic periodontitis) |
Full-mouth, 4 sites per tooth (mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, disto-buccal, mid-lingual) around each tooth |
n.r. |
| Gonçalves et al. 2015 [31] | ≥ 15 teeth excluding 3rd molars and teeth with advanced decay indicated for exodontia, >30 % of the sites with concomitant PD and CAL ≥4 mm and a minimum of 6 teeth distributed in the different quadrants presenting at least one site with PD and CAL ≥ 5 mm and BOP at baseline (generalized chronic periodontitis) |
6 sites per tooth on all teeth excluding 3rd molars (distance between the gingival margin and the bottom of the sulcus/pocket [mm]) | Smokers excluded |
| Gonçalves et al. 2015 [32] | ≥ 15 teeth excluding 3rd molars and teeth with advanced decay indicated for exodontia, >30 % of the sites with concomitant PD and CAL ≥ 4 mm and a minimum of 6 teeth distributed in the different quadrants presenting at least one site with PD and CAL ≥ 5 mm and BOP at baseline (generalized chronic periodontitis) |
6 sites per tooth (mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, disto-buccal, mesio-lingual, mid-lingual, disto-lingual) excluding third molars, with a manual periodontal probe (UNC15, Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL, USA) | Current smokers excluded, smoking within the past 10 years excluded |
| Lakkis et al. 2011 [33] | ≥ 20 teeth, mean CAL ≥ 2 mm (chronic periodontitis) |
6 sites per tooth | n.r. |
| Suvan et al. 2014 [34] | PD > 5 mm and marginal alveolar bone loss > 30 % with > 50 % of the teeth affected (generalized severe periodontitis) |
6 sites per tooth on all teeth present | Normal-group = 47 % smokers Overweight-group = 25 % smokers Obese-group = 15 % smokers p - value = 0.045 (sig. on p ≤ 0.05) |
BoP bleeding on probing, CAL clinical attachment level, GI gingival index, mm millimeter, n.r. not reported, p probability, PD probing depth, PI plaque index, sig. significant