TABLE 4.

Future bile-related research goals for each pathogen

Pathogen	Future research goal(s)
Escherichia coli	Analysis of additional pathovars such as EIEC, AIEC, and DAEC
	Further analysis of bile resistance and regulation of bile-mediated virulence
	Further analysis of commensal organisms
ETEC	Functional studies to characterize the bile response and coordination of virulence factor expression
EPEC	Characterization of the mechanism and clinical implications of bile malabsorption during infection
EHEC	Future transcriptomic studies to understand the complete bile response
Shigella	Identification of resistance mechanisms and regulation of virulence factors
	Utilization of bile extract in future analyses
Vibrio
V. cholerae	Further investigation into the complex regulatory network of the bile response
	Use of consistent sources of bile
V. parahaemolyticus	Improved understanding of the bile response
	Further analysis of bile-mediated virulence
V. vulnificus	Identification of virulence factors affected by bile exposure
Salmonella	Comparison of serovars to understand various bile responses and related infection strategies
	Utilization of bile in analyses of infection models
Campylobacter	Clarification of the relationship between bile exposure and induction of adherence and motility
	Additional transcriptomic analyses of bile exposure
Clostridium	Identification of resistance mechanisms and additional virulence factors
Listeria	Identification of virulence factors affected by bile exposure