Table 3.

Outcomes for hip fracture patients and control participants not experiencing hip fracture

Study	Outcome	Follow-up time	Controls matched for	Hip Fracture	Control	P-value
Activity - Mobility
Boonen 2004 [19]	Unable to walk independently	1 year	age, residence
	<80 years			30 %	7 %	<0.001
	>80 years			56 %	15 %	<0.001
Magaziner 2003 [21]	Disabled walking 3 m (SE)	1 year	age, gender, walking ability	54 % (2)	21 % (2)	<0.01
Marottoli 1992 [16]	Walk independently across room	6 mo (HF)	age, gender, physical function	15 %		NR
		1 year (Con)			72 %
Norton 2000 [22]	Retain community mobility	2 years	age, gender	54 %	87 %	P < 0.001e
Wolinsky 1997 [17]	Mean increase in no. lower body limitations	Median 2.3 years	nilf	1.75	0.75	P ≤ 0.0001
	Mean increase in no. upper body limitations			0.50	0.27	P < 0.001
Activity - Composite measure of Basic ADLs
Boonen 2004 [19]	Mean RDRS-2 score for assistance with ADL (95 % CI)	1 year	age, residence	8.6 (7.5–9.9)	2.8 (2.1–3.4)	<0.001
Norton 2000 [22]	Retain functional independence	2 years	age, gender, independence	72 %	94 %	P < 0.001e
Tosteson 2001 [23]	Limited daily activities	1–5 years	nil	59 %	13 %	<0.05c
Wolinsky 1997 [17]	Mean increase in no. ADL limitations	Median 2.3 years	nilf	2.08	0.79	P ≤ 0.0001
Activity - Self-care
Magaziner 2003 [21]	Requiring assistance with grooming (SE)i	1 year	age, gender, walking ability	17 % (2)	9 % (1)	P < 0.001
		2 years		18 % (2)	10 % (1)	P < 0.001
Marottoli 1992 [16]	Dressing independently	6 mo (HF)	age, gender, physical function	49 %	-	NR
		1 year (Con)		-	91 %
Tosteson 2001 [23]	Difficulty putting on socks	1–5 years	nil	43 %	13 %	P < 0.05
Participation – domestic life
Wolinsky 1997 [17]	Mean increase in no. household ADL limitationsg	Median 2.3 years	nilf	0.89	0.45	P ≤ 0.0001
Participation – IADLs
Wolinsky 1997 [17]	Mean increase in no. advanced ADL limitationsh	Median 2.3 years	nilf	0.44	0.26	P < 0.01
Health condition
Boonen 2004 [19]	Mean RDRS-2 score (95 % CI):	1 year	age, residence
	Dependenceb			3.1 (2.6–2.7)	1.0 (0.7–1.3)	<0.001
	Cognitive impairment			0.9 (0.7–1.1)	0.3 (0.2–0.4)	<0.001
Accommodation
Autier 2000 [18]	Institutionalisation	1 year	age, residence	20 %	4 %
Cumming 1996 [20]	Institutionalisation	1 year	nil	27 %	5 %	<0.05d
Quality of life
Boonen 2004 [19]	Mean (95 % CI) RDRS-2 score for QOL (inverted, higher indicates poorer QOL)	1 year	age, residence	38.9 (34.3–43.5)	31.5 (27.5–37.5)	<0.001
Tosteson 2001 [23]	Mean QALY (95 % CI)	1–5 years	nil	0.63 (0.52, 0.74)	0.91 (0.88, 0.94)	<0.051a

Abbreviations: ADL activities of daily living, Con control, HF hip fracture, mo months, NR not reported, QALY quality adjusted life years, QOL quality of life, RDRS-2 Rapid Disability Rating Scale version-2, SE standard error

^aDifference remained after adjustment for age and hormone replacement therapy use

^bFor hearing, sight, communication, staying in bed during the day, incontinence and medication

^cDifference remained after adjustment for age

^dHR significantly different to 1.0 (HR = 4.0, 95 % CI 1.7 – 9.5) after adjustment for age, sex, mental state score, use of proxy respondent, living alone, living with spouse, physical activity (time spent working and/ or walking), number of self-reported medical conditions and self-reported history of myocardial infarction or Parkinson’s disease

^eAfter controlling for differences in age, gender and baseline mobility/functional independence

^fControls represent those in the prospective cohort that did not experience hip fracture

^gIncludes four items from Duke: meal preparation, shopping, light and heavy housework

^hIncludes managing money, using telephone and eating

ⁱControl cohort reported is Iowa EPESE cohort; two other control cohorts also reported, with consistent findings