Silanization of developed SiNP (550 nm) and Stober-NPs (600 nm) using APTES. (A) At first, the silanization process was optimized for APTES concentrations (45, 90, 180, and 270 mM) using 600 nm Stober-NPs. Silanization was performed in 95% ethanol for 3 h. (B) Based on the optimum APTES concentration density, as obtained from ‘(A)’, 180 mM solution was employed for silanization of the developed SiNP and Stober-NP using the previously stated conditions over a time period of four hours. APTES concentration density was calculated as the ratio of representative concentration of APTES obtained from standard calibrator (Supplementary figure 3) for per particle to the surface area of the particle (refer to supplementary information for details).