Fig. 7.—

Cartoon of cocoonase and luciferase-like evolution within heliconiine butterflies. (A) Gene duplication events and potential regulatory changes mapped on to a species tree. Heliconiinae divergence time estimates obtained from Kozak et al. (2015), and D. plexippus divergence from Heliconiinae from Kozak et al. (2015) and Pohl et al. (2009) (range of 50–80 Ma). Red branches indicate pollen feeders and black branches nonpollen feeders. (B) Examples of mouthparts-upregulated genes common to heliconiine species and those specific to Heliconius, across three broad classes of phenotypes (morphology, behavior and metabolism).