Table 1. Descriptive Statistics for all Study Variables.
| Full Sample | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 169) | (N = 112) | (N = 57) | ||
| Variables | M (SD) | Range | M (SD) | M (SD) |
| Resting RSA | 6.54 (1.18) | 3.04 – 9.52 | 6.47 (1.22) | 6.68 (1.08) |
| Resting HR | 103.73 (15.10) | 57.05 – 149.16 | 103.85 (15.37) | 103.48 (14.62) |
| Resting PEP | 95.42 (11.46) | 66.40 – 134.99 | 95.76 (11.78) | 94.73 (10.82) |
| Baseline RSA | 6.29 (1.07) | 2.77 – 9.07 | 6.27 (1.07) | 6.34 (1.08) |
| Baseline HR | 94.62 (10.66) | 68.56 – 128.27 | 94.56 (10.80) | 94.76 (10.47) |
| Baseline PEP | 104.06 (15.31) | 51.68 – 153.78 | 103.47 (15.70) | 105.23 (14.57) |
| Happy RSA | 6.22 (1.10) | 2.80 – 9.18 | 6.20 (1.11) | 6.27 (1.07) |
| Happy HR | 93.41(10.56) | 68.67 – 128.21 | 93.22 (10.66) | 93.78 (10.45) |
| Happy PEP | 104.13 (15.70) | 54.76 – 155.98 | 102.96 (16.01) | 106.45 (14.92) |
| Anger RSA | 6.06 (1.07) | 2.21 – 8.78 | 6.06 (1.03) | 6.07 (1.15) |
| Anger HR | 95.48 (10.75) | 71.83- 126.93 | 95.53 (11.17) | 95.37 (9.98) |
| Anger PEP | 104.23 (15.65) | 54.40 - 155.70 | 103.28 (15.98) | 106.10 (14.93) |
| Fear RSA | 6.13 (1.09) | 3.43- 8.76 | 6.09 (1.08) | 6.20 (1.13) |
| Fear HR | 93.99 (11.05) | 71.68 – 133.19 | 93.82 (11.05) | 94.33 (11.15) |
| Fear PEP | 103.84 (15.88) | 50.08 – 160.23 | 103.04 (15.97) | 105.42 (15.73) |
| Sad RSA | 6.26 (1.16) | 3.07 – 10.07 | 6.24 (1.15) | 6.29 (1.21) |
| Sad HR | 93.92 (10.87) | 68.17 – 130.95 | 93.89 (10.94) | 93.99 (10.83) |
| Sad PEP | 103.79 (15.57) | 49.90 – 155.47 | 102.93 (15.58) | 105.47 (15.53) |
| Externalizing (T) | 3.04 (1.06) | 0.55 – 5.73 | 3.19 (1.05) | 2.75 (1.02) |
| Externalizing (P) | 0.15 (0.16) | 0.00 – 0.63 | 0.19 (0.16) | 0.09 (0.13) |
| Internalizing (T) | 2.55 (0.87) | 0.21 – 5.04 | 2.65 (0.93) | 2.35 (0.70) |
| Internalizing (P) | 0.10 (0.13) | −0.10 – 0.64 | 0.10 (0.12) | 0.12 (0.14) |
| Prosocial (T) | 3.11 (0.94) | 0.72 – 5.72 | 2.99 (0.90) | 3.33 (0.99) |
| Prosocial (P) | 0.10 (0.08) | −0.01 – 0.33 | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.08) |
| Peer Rejection (P) | 0.16 (0.12) | −0.01 – 0.55 | 0.17 (0.13) | 0.13 (0.11) |
Note: RSA = Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, HR = Heart rate, PEP = Pre-ejection period, T = Teacher rating, P = Peer nomination. Resting physiology measures were taken prior to the start of the emotion induction series. Baseline measures were computed as the average response to a neutral film clip. Physiological arousal scores represent raw scores during each emotional clip. Sex differences were significant for teacher-rated externalizing, F (1, 167) = 6.20, peer-nominated externalizing, F (1, 167) = 16.32, teacher-rated internalizing, F (167) = 3.96, teacher-rated prosocial, F (1, 167) = 4.24, and peer rejection, F (1, 167) = 5.06.