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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015 Dec 15;94(4):800–807. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.11.046

Table 2.

Radiation-related risks of second (or subsequent) primary cancers among childhood cancer survivors, by type of subsequent cancer.

Site (Type) of
Subsequent
Cancer
Number
of.Cases
(with dose)
ERR/Gy (95% CI) P-value* Statistical Evidence of
Curvilinearity of Dose-
Response?
Usual Types of
First Cancer
Among Cases
Reference
Number
Brain/CNS
(glioma)
35 0.33¥ (0.07–1.71) < .001 No Leukemia, CNS 10
Brain/CNS
(meningioma)
58 1.06¥ (0.21–8.15) < .001 No Leukemia, CNS 10
Breast 107 0.27¥¥ (0.10–0.67) < .0001 No HL, bone 11
Thyroid gland 115 1.38# < .001* Yes (downward at very
high doses)
HL, leukemia,
CNS, bone
1215
Bone/soft
tissue
84 1.32 (0.44–4.22) <.001 No HL, STS, bone 16
Skin (BCC) 179 1.09** (0.49–2.64) < .001 No HL, leukemia 18
Salivary
glands
20 0.36 (0.06–2.50) .005 No Leukemia, HL,
NHL
17

Abbreviations: BCC=basal cell carcinoma, CI=confidence interval, Gy=gray, CNS=central nervous system, ERR=excess relative risk; HL=Hodgkin lymphoma, NHL=non-Hodgkin lymphoma;STS=soft tissue sarcoma

*

P-value is for contrast of linear dose-response model with null model, except for thyroid cancer for which the P-value is for a contrast of a linear-exponential-quadratic model with a model that includes only the linear term.

¥

Adjusted for age at first cancer diagnosis, time since first cancer diagnosis, and gender. ERR/Gy is averaged over all ages at exposure.

¥¥

Adjusted for age at first cancer diagnosis and time since first cancer diagnosis. ERR/Gy is averaged over all ages at exposure.

#

Adjusted for attained age, gender and type of first cancer. ERR/Gy is for the linear term in a linear-exponential-quadratic model [(β1D) exp(β4D2)] (Bhatti et al. 2010); P-value is for a contrast of a linear-exponential-quadratic model with a model that includes only the linear term. ERR/Gy is averaged over all ages at exposure.

Adjusted for age at first cancer diagnosis, time since first cancer diagnosis, sex, any anthracyclines, any chemotherapy and type of first cancer.

**

Adjusted for age at first cancer diagnosis, time since first cancer diagnosis, gender, race, HL as first cancer diagnosis, and calendar year of first cancer diagnosis

Adjusted for attained age, gender, race and attained calendar period.