Table 4.
Risk factors for high volume of intraoperative blood loss in 229 patients who underwent major hepatectomy for biliary cancer
| Variable | Volume of intraoperative blood loss |
Univariable, p | Multivariable |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <2.5 L |
≥2.5 L |
Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | ||
| (n = 167, 100%) | (n = 62, 100%) | |||||
| Age (≥70 years) | 82 (49%) | 24 (39%) | 0.162 | 1.47 | 0.79–2.79 | 0.225 |
| Male | 103 (62%) | 48 (77%) | 0.027 | 2.19 | 1.11–4.53 | 0.029 |
| Past history of upper abdominal laparotomy | 17 (10%) | 8 (13%) | 0.558 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 33 (20%) | 13 (21%) | 0.840 | |||
| Preoperative cholangitis | 68 (41%) | 28 (45%) | 0.545 | |||
| Body mass index (≥25 kg/m2) | 26 (16%) | 12 (19%) | 0.495 | |||
| Blood platelets (≤15 × 104/mL) | 8 (5%) | 10 (16%) | 0.007 | 3.63 | 1.26–10.87 | 0.018 |
| PT-INR (≥1.2) | 23 (14%) | 7 (11%) | 0.621 | |||
| Preoperative serum albumin (<3.5 g/dL) | 32 (19%) | 15 (24%) | 0.323 | |||
| Preoperative maximum serum T.Bil (≥100 μmol/L) | 47 (28%) | 28 (45%) | 0.016 | 2.08 | 1.09–3.99 | 0.027 |
| ENBD or PTCD performed | 136 (81%) | 50 (81%) | 0.892 | |||
| ICG R15 (≥15%) | 23 (14%) | 15 (24%) | 0.063 | 1.5 | 0.66–3.29 | 0.327 |
| %FLR (<50%) | 76 (46%) | 30 (48%) | 0.698 | |||
| Combined gastrointestinal tract resection | 11 (7%) | 5 (8%) | 0.697 | |||
| Combined portal vein resection and reconstruction | 88 (53%) | 38 (61%) | 0.246 | 1.24 | 0.66–2.38 | 0.497 |
| Combined hepatic artery resection and reconstruction | 17 (10%) | 8 (13%) | 0.558 | |||
| Combined PD | 29 (17%) | 12 (19%) | 0.727 | |||
CI, confidence interval; PT-INR, prothrombin-international ratio; ENBD, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage; PTBD, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage; ICG R15, indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min; %FLR, ratio of the future liver remnant/the total liver volume.