Table 2.
Neuropsychological variables between groups.
| Neuropsychological variables | Groups mean (s.d) |
T statistic (p-value) (d = Cohen's effect size) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy control (n = 21) | All baseline MA (n = 36) | Baseline TAU (n = 15) | Baseline CT (n = 21) | Follow-up TAU (n = 13) | Follow-up CT (n = 15) | HC vs. all baseline MA | Baseline TAU vs. baseline CT | HC vs. follow-up TAU | HC vs. follow-up CT | Follow-up TAU vs. follow-up CT | |
| Mood (%) | 63.9 (14.1) | 57.1 (26.7) | 55.5 (29.1) | 58.2 (25.5) | 60.1 (24.4) | 75.3 (20.4) | 1.267 (0.357⁎) (0.3) | 0.285 (0.704⁎) (0.1) |
0.583 (0.933⁎) (0.21) | 1.864 (0.119⁎) (0.69) | 1.795 (0.142⁎) (0.71) |
| Desire for drug (%) | 3.8 (6.7) | 15.3 (19.5) | 13.9 (22.6) | 16.3 (17.6) | 13.6 (15.8) | 9.6 (18.2) | 3.210 (0.001⁎) (0.73) | 0.360 (0.374⁎) (0.12) | 2.109 (0.038⁎) (0.92) | 1.343 (0.491⁎) (0.47) | 0.610 (0.339⁎) (0.24) |
| Feelings of self-control (%) | 83.7 (14.2) | 71.6 (19.9) | 69.9 (19.5) | 72.9 (20.5) | 76.7 (19.6) | 89.0 (12.7) | 2.433 (0.018) (0.68) | 0.429 (0.547⁎) (0.15) | 1.197 (0.240) (0.44) | 1.149 (0.161⁎) (0.4) | 1.929 (0.098⁎) (0.79) |
| Trail making errors (B-A) | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.0) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.333 (0.741) (0.13) | 0.242 (0.811) (0.12) | 1.153 (0.258) (0.48) | 0.149 (0.882) (0) | 0.975 (0.339) (0.38) |
| Trail Making RT (B-A) | 32.9 (14.9) | 58.2 (37.4) | 54.7 (41.3) | 61.1 (35.0) | 37.8 (31.4) | 57.4 (24.4) | 3.296 (0.002) (0.83) | 0.452 (0.655) (0.17) | 0.520 (0.610) (0.22) | 3.260 (0.004) (1.3) | 1.783 (0.087) (0.73) |
| BIS total | 54.5 (8.1) | 67.7 (12.1) | 68.0 (11.4) | 67.4 (12.8) | 68.0 (11.2) | 60.2 (11.2) | 4.625 (< 0.001) (1.24) | 0.122 (0.903) (0.05) | 3.881 (0.001) (1.48) | 1.690 (0.101) (0.62) | 1.764 (0.091) (0.72) |
| BIS attention | 8.9 (2.4) | 10.4 (2.5) | 10.4 (2.7) | 10.5 (2.5) | 10.0 (3.1) | 9.4 (2.6) | 2.247 (0.029) (0.62) | 0.024 (0.796⁎) (0.04) | 1.187 (0.244) (0.42) | 0.605 (0.550) (0.21) | 0.555 (0.584) (0.22) |
| BIS motor | 14.0 (2.9) | 17.2 (4.4) | 17.0 (4.7) | 17.4 (4.2) | 17.4 (4.0) | 15.6 (2.2) | 3.364 (0.001) (0.83) | 0.259 (0.797) (0.09) | 2.916 (0.006) (1.04) | 1.864 (0.071) (0.62) | 1.493 (0.147) (0.59) |
| BIS self-control | 10.5 (2.8) | 13.5 (3.1) | 14.6 (2.6) | 12.7 (3.3) | 12.4 (3.0) | 11.0 (3.6) | 3.669 (0.001) (1.02) | 1.839 (0.075) (0.64) | 1.903 (0.066) (0.68) | 0.490 (0.628) (0.16) | 1.096 (0.284) (0.44) |
| BIS cognitive complexity | 9.3 (2.4) | 11.9 (2.8) | 11.9 (2.8) | 12.0 (3.0) | 11.6 (3.5) | 11.3 (2.3) | 3.479 (0.001) (0.99) | 0.085 (0.933) (0.04) | 2.283 (0.029) (0.83) | 2.552 (0.016) (0.87) | 0.257 (0.799) (0.11) |
| BIS perseverance | 6.7 (1.6) | 8.6 (2.3) | 8.7 (2.4) | 8.5 (2.2) | 7.9 (2.2) | 8.3 (3.3) | 3.310 (0.002) (0.93) | 0.268 (0.790) (0.09) | 1.821 (0.080⁎) (0.67) | 1.771 (0.093) (0.67) | 0.380 (0.905⁎) (0.15) |
| BIS cognitive instability | 5.0 (1.3) | 6.4 (1.5) | 6.4 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.6) | 7.6 (2.1) | 5.1 (1.4) | 3.465 (0.001) (1) | 0.171 (0.849⁎) (0.06) | 3.948 (0.001) (1.63) | 0.145 (0.658⁎) (0.08) | 3.787 (0.002⁎) (1.48) |
| BIS 2nd order attentional | 13.9 (2.3) | 16.9 (3.4) | 16.8 (3.5) | 16.9 (3.5) | 17.6 (4.2) | 14.5 (3.1) | 3.432 (0.001) (1) | 0.105 (0.813⁎) (0.03) | 2.928 (0.009) (1.21) | 0.675 (0.505) (0.23) | 2.275 (0.031) (0.88) |
| BIS 2nd order motor | 20.7 (3.7) | 25.8 (5.9) | 25.7 (6.3) | 25.9 (5.8) | 25.5 (5.0) | 23.9 (4.9) | 4.008 (< 0.001) (1) | 0.089 (0.930) (0.03) | 3.189 (0.003) (1.17) | 2.290 (0.028) (0.78) | 0.815 (0.423) (0.34) |
| BIS 2nd Order Non-planning | 19.8 (4.4) | 25.4 (5.2) | 26.5 (4.6) | 24.7 (5.6) | 24.0 (5.9) | 22.4 (5.4) | 4.119 (< 0.001) (1.16) | 1.029 (0.311) (0.36) | 2.366 (0.024) (0.86) | 1.589 (0.122) (0.55) | 0.724 (0.476) (0.29) |
| HADS anxiety | 6.5 (2.8) | 7.8 (2.8) | 8.5 (2.0) | 7.4 (3.3) | 6.4 (2.6) | 6.2 (2.2) | 1.693 (0.096) (0.47) | 1.235 (0.125⁎) (0.4) | 0.108 (0.929⁎) (0.04) | 0.346 (0.835⁎) (0.12) | 0.212 (0.980⁎) (0.76) |
| HADS depression | 2.4 (2.3) | 5.8 (3.3) | 5.5 (2.5) | 6.0 (3.8) | 4.3 (3.0) | 3.3 (2.7) | 4.640 (< 0.001) (1.16) | 0.419 (0.678) (0.15) | 2.095 (0.044) (0.76) | 1.144 (0.261) (0.76) | 0.908 (0.372) (0.37) |
| SRQ total | 239.8 (13.7) | 219.9 (27.8) | 214.2 (21.9) | 225.7 (32.5) | 219.2 (19.4) | 241.4 (27.1) | 3.084 (0.004) (0.86) | 1.062 (0.299) (0.23) | 3.172 (0.004) (1.32) | 0.195 (0.848) (0.08) | 2.164 (0.043) (0.97) |
| SRQ receiving | 35.4 (4.3) | 30.0 (6.2) | 29.4 (5.6) | 30.5 (6.6) | 30.85 (4.5) | 35.5 (6.6) | 3.439 (0.001) (0.98) | 0.494 (0.625) (0.18) | 2.907 (0.007) (1.07) | 0.063 (0.704⁎) (0.02) | 2.121 (0.019⁎) (0.84) |
| SRQ evaluating | 30.2 (3.4) | 28.8 (7.9) | 30.8 (10.9) | 27.2 (3.9) | 26.2 (4.0) | 26.3 (2.9) | 0.781 (0.022⁎) (0.22) | 1.353 (0.185) (0.49) | 3.062 (0.011⁎) (1.13) | 3.533 (0.001) (1.25) | 0.078 (0.938) (0.03) |
| SRQ triggering | 32.9 (3.1) | 31.3 (4.2) | 30.9 (3.7) | 31.6 (4.6) | 31.7 (2.6) | 31.4 (3.8) | 1.416 (0.163) (0.42) | 0.474 (0.931⁎) (0.17) | 1.039 (0.308) (0.42) | 1.219 (0.232) (0.45) | 0.195 (0.847) (0.09) |
| SRQ searching | 35.5 (3.8) | 36.2 (4.9) | 35.6 (4.6) | 36.7 (5.2) | 35.0 (5.1) | 39.4 (3.9) | 0.611 (0.544) (0.16) | 0.651 (0.520) (0.23) | 0.283 (0.779) (0.12) | 2.959 (0.005⁎) (1.04) | 2.508 (0.027⁎) (1.02) |
| SRQ planning | 36.2 (2.3) | 28.6 (6.1) | 27.5 (5.2) | 29.4 (6.7) | 30.8 (5.0) | 33.7 (7.8) | 6.297 (< 0.001) (1.53) | 0.827 (0.383⁎) (0.32) | 3.662 (0.002) (1.56) | 1.198 (0.248) (0.48) | 1.153 (0.259) (0.45) |
| SRQ implementing | 36.0 (3.0) | 31.5 (5.9) | 30.5 (4.9) | 32.2 (6.7) | 33.8 (4.8) | 35.7 (7.7) | 3.705 (0.001) (0.91) | 0.817 (0.420) (0.29) | 1.639 (0.120⁎) (0.6) | 0.127 (0.950⁎) (0.06) | 0.821 (0.413⁎) (0.3) |
| SRQ assessing | 35.5 (2.8) | 31.1 (5.7) | 30.6 (5.4) | 31.5 (6.0) | 31.5 (4.3) | 33.9 (4.1) | 3.901 (< 0.001) (0.92) | 0.452 (0.654) (0.16) | 3.325 (0.002) (1.2) | 1.403 (0.160⁎) (0.48) | 1.481 (0.155⁎) (0.59) |
| Accuracy (%) | 48.3 (15.7) | 67.1 (10.4) | |||||||||
HC = healthy controls; MA = baseline methamphetamine dependent group; TAU = treatment as usual; CT = cognitive training; p-value = probability value; n = number; BIS = Barratt impulsivity scale; HADS = hospital anxiety and depression scale; SRQ = self-regulation questionnaire.
⁎
Mann-Whitney non-parametric post-hoc t-tests were computed due to non-normally distributed data.