Table 2.
Summary of assessments and outcomes in the included articles.
| Author (year) | Assessments | Outcomes | Adverse effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Song et al. (2003) [15] | WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); knee extensor strength and endurance; flexibility; BMI; cardiovascular functioning test | Knee extensor strength and endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular functioning test were improved∗
BMI and WOMAC were decreased∗ |
No adverse event |
| Brismée et al. (2007) [16] | WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); VAS; knee range of motion | WOMAC and VAS were decreased∗ | No adverse event |
| Song et al. (2007) [17] | WOMAC (pain/physical function); motivation; health behaviors | Motivation and health behaviors were improved∗
WOMAC was decreased∗ |
No adverse event |
| Lee et al. (2009) [18] | WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); SF-36; 6-min walking test | SF-36 and 6-min walking test were improved∗
WOMAC was decreased |
No adverse event |
| Song et al. (2009) [19] | WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly | WOMAC was decreased Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly was improved∗ |
No adverse event |
| Wang et al. (2009) [20] | WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); VAS; SF-36; BMI; 6-min walking test; sit-to-stand test; Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Index; self-efficacy | 6-min walking test, sit-to-stand test, SF-36, self-efficacy were improved∗
WOMAC, VAS, Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Index were decreased∗ |
One participant reported an increase of knee pain |
| Ni et al. (2010) [21] | WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); 6-min walking test; stair climb test; body weight | 6-min walking test, stair climb test, body weight were improved∗
WOMAC was decreased∗ |
No adverse event |
| Song et al. (2010) [22] | Bone mineral density; knee extensor and flexor strength and endurance; Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly | Knee extensor endurance was increased∗
Bone mineral density and Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly were improved∗ |
No adverse event |
| Tsai et al. (2013) [23] | WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); timed-up-and-go test; sit-to-stand test; mini-mental state examination | Timed-up-and-go test, sit-to-stand test, mini-mental state examination were improved∗
WOMAC was decreased∗ |
No adverse event |
| Wortley et al. (2013) [24] | WOMAC (pain/stiffness/physical function); BMI; 6-min walking test; timed-up-and-go test; stair climb test; Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly | Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, 6-min walking test, stair climb test, timed-up-and-go test∗ were improved WOMAC was decreased |
No adverse event |
| Tsai et al. (2015) [25] | Verbal descriptive scale; pain behavior | Verbal descriptive scale and pain behavior were decreased∗ | No adverse event |
∗ P < 0.05, significant differences between before and after Tai Chi Chuan. WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; BMI, body mass index; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; and SF-36, 36-item Short Form Health Survey.