Table 3.

Summary of periodontal studies on air-polishing with erythritol.

Study type	Substance tested	Subjects or strain	n	Age (years)	Treatment	Results	Reference
Randomized, controlled, parallel-group 3-month clinical trial	Erythritol	Adults	39	~55	Subgingivally treated for 5 seconds with an air-polishing device using erythritol or standard supportive periodontal therapy	No differences in clinical outcomes between subgingival air-polishing with erythritol or traditional scaling except that patients tended to prefer air-polishing with erythritol	Hägi et al. (2013) [49]
Randomized, controlled, parallel-group 6-month clinical trial	Erythritol	Adults	38	~55	Subgingival low abrasive erythritol powder using an air-polishing device or repeated scaling and root planing at study sites	Both treatments produced significant reductions in bleeding on probing and probing pocket depth and increases in clinical attachment level; no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups	Hägi et al. (2015) [54]
Randomized clinical trial	Erythritol	Adults	50	~8-9	Subgingival air-polishing with erythritol containing 0.3% chlorhexidine was compared to ultrasonic debridement at 3-month intervals for up to 12 months	No difference between the treatments with respect to the presence or absence of a probing depth and the frequencies of 6 microorganisms; erythritol-treated sites were less frequently positive for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Air-polishing with erythritol was significantly better than ultrasonic debridement in terms of pain/discomfort perception	Müller et al.(2014) [55]
In vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm study using sandblasted titanium disks	Erythritol	Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides fragilis, and Candida albicans	2	—	Air-polishing with 99.7% erythritol/0.3% chlorhexidine versus standard glycine powder	Erythritol/chlorhexidine was significantly more effective than glycine in inhibiting the growth of all 3 strains, reducing the number of surviving cells following air-polishing (15–30% for glycine, 50% for erythritol/chlorhexidine) and reducing the biofilm produced by all 3 strains	Drago et al. (2014) [56]