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Structures of selected pleiotropic natural products (A), and their multiple functions within the network pharmacology (B). Pleiotropic natural products exert pharmacological properties via specific molecular targets and signaling pathways, while also delivering anti-inflammatory activities. Additional benefits of pleiotropic natural products may include antidepressant, cardiovascular, metabolic, neuroprotective, cognitive, antioxidant, or anticancer activities [11-15, 41].
