Table 3.
cSCC biomarkers.
| Nr. crt. | Biomarker | Roles |
|---|---|---|
| (1) | CFH FHL-1 Complement factor 1 |
(i) Inhibiting one of the three pathways that activate the complement C3 (ii) Facilitating progression and migration of cSCC cells [60–62] |
|
| ||
| (2) | Serpin A1 | (i) Coagulation (ii) Inflammation (iii) Turnover of extracellular matrix (iv) Inhibiting natural killer cell activity (v) Stimulating malignant cell proliferation but not normal skin cell proliferation (vi) Antiapoptotic effect [63, 64] |
|
| ||
| (3) | APC | (i) Inducing the destruction of β-catenin (ii) Having a role in microtubule assembly [65] |
|
| ||
| (4) | Phosphorylated AKT, mTOR (Ser2448), 4EBP1 (Ser65), 70S6K1 (Thr421), p70S6K1 (Thr421/Ser424), S6 (Ser6) |
(i) Influencing apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, and differentiation [55] |
|
| ||
| (5) | S100A7 | (i) Role in metastasis [66–70] |
|
| ||
| (6) | Col7A1 | (i) Encoding the information for Col7 formation [71] |
|
| ||
| (7) | MMP-7 | (i) Maintaining homeostasis of many tissues including skin, by proteolysis of extracellular matrix [72–74] |
|
| ||
| (8) | Krt8 Krt18 |
(i) Together they induce a higher rate of invasiveness in a cell population [75] |
|
| ||
| (9) | CD133 | (i) Proliferation (ii) Differentiation [46, 76–81] |
|
| ||
| (10) | CYFRA 21-1 | (i) Component of structural proteins involved in epithelial intermediary filaments formation [82–88] |
|
| ||
| (11) | mtDNA | (i) Mitochondrial functions [89, 90] |
|
| ||
| (12) | Hsp70 | (i) it is presumed that it may help tumorous cells survive apoptosis and necrosis [91] |
|
| ||
| (13) | Plectin | (i) Cytolinker of plakins family which forms the links between filaments [92] |
|
| ||
| (14) | Cofilin-I | (i) Vulvar carcinogenesis (ii) Tumor progression [93] |
|
| ||
| (15) |
Galectin-7
wee1 |
(i) Invasiveness (ii) Poor tumor differentiation [94, 95] |
|
| ||
| (16) | EphB2 | (i) Determining proliferation, migration, and invasion [96] |