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. 2016 Aug 31;28(8):2332–2336. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.2332

Table 1. Foot structure characteristics before and after intervention (n=27).

Before After
Age (yrs) 53.07 ± 6.17
Weight (kg) 77.05 ± 14.67 75.35 ± 13.83**
BMI (kg/m2) 27.42 ± 4.14 26.82 ± 3.89**
Low PA (min/d) 244.77 ± 69.37 247.95 ± 67.01
Moderate PA (min/d) 44.79 ± 20.90 62.77 ± 21.51**
Vigorous PA (min/d) 1.55 ± 3.37 14.29 ± 10.35**
Moderate and vigorous PA (min/d) 46.34 ± 22.67 77.06 ± 26.08**
Foot length (mm) 247.43 ± 14.21 246.53 ± 14.26*
Forefoot girth (mm) 237.36 ± 15.78 237.62 ± 14.29
Forefoot width (mm) 97.25 ± 6.48 97.46 ± 6.22
Rearfoot width (mm) 63.8 ± 6.02 63.08 ± 5.59**
Ball of foot length (mm) 177.8 ± 10.31 177.23 ± 10.41*
Lateral ball of foot length (mm) 155.57 ± 9.02 155.08 ± 9.11
Instep height (mm) 60.72 ± 6.18 61.52 ± 6.42*
Instep girth (mm) 243.31 ± 18.63 241.73 ± 18.05*
First toe angle (degree) 10.05 ± 4.37 10.56 ± 4.85
Little toe angle (degree) 13.87 ± 5.14 13.67 ± 5.88
Arch height index (ratio) 0.342 ± 0.029 0.347 ± 0.031*
Arch stiffness index (ratio) 0.906 ± 0.039 0.928 ± 0.032**

PA: physical activity. *p<0.05, **p<0.01