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. 2015 May 26;120(10):4749–4763. doi: 10.1002/2014JD022718

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©2015 Crown copyright. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres published by Wiley, Inc., on behalf of the American Geophysical Union. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Hovmoller plot of TRMM 3B42 daily rainfall averaged between 10°S and 10°N to show the YoTC MJO cases E and F. Dotted black lines mark the approximate phase propagation. Blue horizontal line marks the longitudinal extend of the requested data domain from models. Red vertical line shows the range of consecutive days on which models are initialized for the two MJO cases. The range of days at the end of each 48 h forecast is marked in purple line. Hatched regions indicate the longitude extent of two 5°x5° domains marked A (75°–80°E, 0°–5°N) and B (95°–100°E, 10°S‐5°S) used to characterize the evolution of convection from a suppressed state to convective state.