Table 1.

Details of Models Used in This Study^a

				Horizontal Resolution	Vertical
Model Name	Abbreviation	Institution	Time Step	(Longitude × Latittude)	Levels	Reference
Community Atmospheric Model	CAM5	NCARb, USA	30 min	1.25 × 0.9	30	Neale et al. [2010]
Canadian Coupled Model	CanCM4	CCCMAc, Canada	60 min	2.8 × 2.8	35	Merryfield et al. [2013]
CNRM Atmospheric Model	CNRM‐AM	CNRMd, France	30 min	1.4 × 1.4	31	Voldoire et al. [2013]
European Community Model	ECEarth3	SMHIe, Sweden	45 min	0.7 × 0.7	91	Hazeleger et al. [2012]
Goddard Earth Observing	GEOS5	GMAO‐NASA f,	20 min	0.625 × 0.5	72	Rienecker et al. [2008]
System		USA
Goddard Institute for Space	GISS‐E2	GISS g, USA	30 min	2.5 × 2	40	Schmidt et al. [2014]
Studies GCM
Integrated Forecast System	IFS	ECMWF h, UK	60 min	1.125 × 1.125	62	Bechtold et al. [2008]
Met Office Unified Model	MetUM‐GA3	Met Office, UK	12 min	0.5625 × 0.375	85	Walters et al. [2011]
Model for Interdisciplinary	MIROC5	AORI i, Japan	30 min	1.4 × 1.4	40	Watanabe et al. [2010]
Research on Climate
MRI Atmospheric GCM	MRI‐AGCM3	MRI j, Japan	30 min	1.125 × 1.125	48	Yukimoto et al. [2012]
The Weather Research	PNNL‐WRF	PNNL k, USA	12 min	0.25 × 0.25	27	Shamarock et al. [2008]
and Forecasting Model
Super‐Parameterized CAM	SPCAM3	U. Washington, USA	60 min	2.8 × 2.8	30	Khairoutdinov et al. [2008]

^aTheir time step, horizontal, and vertical resolution and the relevant reference are given.

^bNational Center for Atmospheric Research.

^cCanadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis.

^dCentre National de Recherches Météorologiques‐ Météo France.

^eSwedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute.

^fGlobal Modeling and Assimilation Office‐NASA.

^gNASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

^hEuropean Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts.

ⁱAtmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo.

^jMeteorological Research Institute.

^kPacific Northwest National Laboratory.