Table 1.
Population characteristics
| Beta blockers | Statins | Thiazide diuretics |
Antidepressants | Atypical antipsychotics |
Renin–angiotensin system blockers |
Calcium channel blockers |
Unexposed to any study drug class |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, # (%) | 29,895 (23.7) | 24,234 (19.1) | 25,848 (20.5) | 40,232 (31.8) | 2364 (1.9) | 24,460 (19.4) | 9250 (7.3) | 50,393 (39.9) |
| Diabetes cases | ||||||||
| While exposed, # (%) | 2394 (8.0) | 1615 (6.7) | 1935 (7.5) | 1737 (4.3) | 119 (5.0) | 1923 (7.9) | 678 (7.3) | — |
| At any time, # (%) | 3177 (10.6) | 2181 (9.0) | 2834 (11.0) | 2902 (7.2) | 200 (8.5) | 2497 (10.2) | 1009 (10.9) | 1951 (3.9) |
| Follow-up (weeks) | ||||||||
| Exposed, median (IQR) | 101 (34–216) | 103 (41–206) | 88 (32–188) | 73 (23–178) | 47 (16–129) | 102 (41–205) | 72 (22–165) | — |
| Total, median (IQR) | 268 (157–428) | 290 (171–456) | 275 (163–435) | 267 (161–422) | 260 (156–404) | 279 (167–437) | 272 (156–434) | 198 (116–313) |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 52 (47–57) | 53 (48–57) | 52 (46–57) | 49 (43–54) | 48 (42–53) | 52 (467–57) | 53 (47–58) | 48 (42–55) |
| 35–45, # (%) | 5994 (20.1) | 3886 (16.0) | 5369 (20.8) | 13,610 (33.8) | 905 (38.3) | 4729 (19.3) | 1705 (18.4) | 19,021 (37.8) |
| 45–55, # (%) | 13,040 (43.6) | 11,283 (46.6) | 11,638 (45.0) | 17,639 (43.8) | 1057 (44.7) | 11,153 (45.6) | 3913 (42.3) | 19,389 (38.5) |
| 55–65, # (%) | 10,861 (36.3) | 9065 (37.4) | 8841 (34.2) | 8983 (22.3) | 402 (17.0) | 8578 (35.1) | 3632 (39.3) | 11,983 (23.8) |
| Male, # (%) | 14,116 (47.2) | 14,199 (58.6) | 10,100 (39.1) | 12,158 (30.2) | 874 (37.0) | 12,993 (53.1) | 4366 (47.2) | 23,603 (46.8) |
| FBG* (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 95 (88–102) | 95 (89–102) | 95 (88–102) | 92 (86–99) | 92 (86–100) | 95 (89–102) | 95 (88–102) | 92 (86–98) |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| Systolic, median (IQR) | 135 (123–147) | 130 (120–141) | 138 (128–150) | 124 (115–136) | 123 (114–133) | 138 (128–150) | 138 (126–150) | 120 (112–130) |
| Diastolic, median (IQR) | 84 (78–90) | 81 (75–88) | 86 (80–92) | 80 (72–85) | 79 (72–84) | 86 (80–92) | 84 (78–91) | 77 (70–82) |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 30 (26–35) | 29 (26–33) | 31 (27–36) | 29 (25–34) | 29 (25–34) | 31 (27–35) | 30 (27–35) | 27 (24–31) |
| Corticosteroid use, # (%) | 5962 (19.9) | 4585 (18.9) | 5130 (19.9) | 8713 (21.7) | 391 (16.5) | 5180 (21.2) | 2169 (23.5) | 8286 (16.4) |
| Cardiovascular disease, # (%) | 2315 (7.7) | 2253 (9.3) | 667 (2.6) | 942 (2.3) | 49 (2.1) | 1628 (6.7) | 749 (8.1) | 156 (0.3) |
| Lipid panel (mg/dl) | ||||||||
| HDL, median (IQR) | 47 (39–58) | 46 (39–55) | 49 (40–59) | 51 (42–62) | 49 (40–61) | 47 (39–57) | 48 (39–59) | 51 (42–62) |
| LDL, median (IQR) | 126 (103–150) | 150 (124–174) | 126 (104–149) | 124 (102–148) | 124 (102–149) | 127 (105–150) | 125 (103–149) | 120 (100–142) |
| TRI, median (IQR) | 143 (95–214) | 157 (109–228) | 141 (94–209) | 123 (80–190) | 131 (82–208) | 143 (96–213) | 143 (94–213) | 103 (69–156) |
| DM testing rate† | ||||||||
| # tests/year, mean (CI) | 0.96 (0.95–0.96) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.88 (0.87–0.88) | 0.79 (0.78–0.79) | 1.28 (1.24–1.31) | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | 1.12 (1.11–1.14) | 0.37 (0.37–0.37) |
IQR, interquartile range; CI, 95% confidence interval; FBG, fasting blood glucose; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TRI, triglycerides; DM, diabetes mellitus.
*
Fasting blood glucose measured on cohort entry date.
†
Fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose, and HbA1c tests were included in estimates of DM testing rates.