Table 3.

Associations between stress measures and selected dietary and physical activity variables.^a

Variable	Parameter (β) estimates		P stress	P cortisol	P insulin
	Stressb	Cortisolc	Insulind
Energy (kcal/day)	–	–	ns	ns	ns
Carbohydrate (g/day)	0.31 ± 0.16	–	0.050	ns	ns
Protein (g/day)	−0.20 ± 0.06	–	0.001	ns	ns
Fat (g/day)	–	0.04 ± 0.01	ns	ns	ns
Saturated fat (g/day)	–	0.02 ± 0.01	ns	0.025	ns
High-fat dairy (kcal/day)	–	0.40 ± 0.15	ns	0.008	ns
n3 fatty acids (g/day)
EPA	−0.001 ± 0.002	–	0.020	ns	ns
DHA	−0.001 ± 0.001	–	0.024	ns	ns
DPA	−0.0002 ± 0.001	–	0.000	ns	ns
Fruit servings/day	−0.01 ± 0001	–	0.000	ns	ns
Vegetable servings/day	−0.004 ± 0.001	–	0.000	ns	ns
Beans/legumes (kcal/day)	–	–	ns	ns	ns
Rice (kcal/day)	0.75 ± 0.39	–	0.050	ns	ns
Sweets (kcal/day)	0.93 ± 0.41	–	0.023	ns	ns
Diabetes
Sweets (kcal/day)	–	–	ns	ns	ns
Non-diabetes
Salty snacks (g/day)	0.48 ± 0.21	–	0024	ns	ns
Glycemic index (g/day)	0.03 ± 0.01	–	0017	ns	ns
White bread (kcal/day)	–	0.39 ± 0.14	ns	0.006	ns
Potatoes (kcal/day)	–	0.14 ± 0.05	ns	0.013	ns
Mexican/pizza (kcal/day)	–	0.19 ± 0.09	ns	0.040	ns
Activity score	−004 ± 0.01	–	0.003	ns	ns
t.v. watching (h/day)	0.02 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.004	0.005	ns	0.008

Stress, cortisol, and insulin independent effects on dietary intake and activity were tested in linear regression models that also included the independent variables sex, age, education, energy intake, BMI, physical activity score, income to poverty ratio, and diabetes For analyses of activity and time spent watching t.v. physical activity, t v watching, and energy intake were removed as independent variables.

^aMultiple linear regression parameter estimates When statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05), regression slope (β) estimates ± S.E. for stress, cortisol, and insulin are shown, ns, not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

^bStress was measured through the Perceived Stress Scale, range 0–56.

^cUrinary cortisol (μg/g creatinine; range 0.45–339).

^dSerum insulin (μIU/ml; range 1.3–419).