Table 3.
EW fluorescence sensors for medical applications that have been demonstrated in physiological matrices (publications since 2005)
| Target | System | Matrix | LOD | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Mycoplasma antibodies (serology) | Fiber optic biosensor (RAPTOR) | Plasma | Blind trial: 92% samples correctly classified (positive/negative) | (Brown et al. 2008) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Fiber optic biosensor (RAPTOR) | Lung tissue homogenates | 106 cells/mL (80% detection) | (Denton et al. 2009) |
| M. tuberculosis mycobactin T (tuberculosis marker); M. leprae phenolic glycolipid-I (leprosy marker) | Planar waveguide with lipid bilayer (specificity conferred by “tracer” antibody | Serum | 500 nM (serum) | (Sakamuri et al. 2014) |
| M. tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan (tuberculosis marker) | Planar waveguide with lipid bilayer (specificity conferred by “tracer” antibody | Serum | 10 fM (serum) | (Mukundan et al. 2012) |
| Carcinoembryonc antigen (breast cancer marker) | Planar array | Serum, nipple aspirate | 0.5 pM | (Mukundan et al. 2009a) |
| Human platelet antigen DNA | Planar waveguide | DNA extracts from plasma (following concentration and “bar coding”) | 2 pM | (Trévisan et al. 2010) |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (lupus marker) | Fiber optic biosensor | Serum, lymphoma sample | 5 pM (serum) not detected in lymphoma | (Wang et al. 2010) |
| B. anthracis protective antigen (anthrax marker) | Planar array | Serum | 83 ng/ml (1 nM) | (Anderson et al. 2008) |
| Procalcitonin (sepsis marker) | Planar waveguide | Whole blood (septic/non-septic) | Correlated with sepsis in patient samples (R2=0.988) | (Rascher et al. 2014) |
| Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Breast cancer markers) | Planar grating array (Zeptosens) | Breast cancer tissue extracts | Multiplexed: 1 pg/mL (uPA), 33 pg/mL (PAI-1), 1 pg/mL VEGF) | (Weissenstein et al. 2006) |
| RNA transcripts (14 genes, incl. controls) (Multiplexed) | Planar grating array (Zeptosens) | RNA extracted from breast tissues | 0.01 pM (control transcripts) | |
| C-reactive protein (cardiac marker) | RIANA | Serum (100× diluted) | 0.13 ug/mL (undiluted) | (Albrecht et al. 2008) |
| Nerve growth factor (NGF) (cardiac marker) | Fiber optic biosensor (Analyte 2000) | Plasma | 1 ng/mL (plasma) | (Tang et al. 2007) |
| HIV, Treponema pallidum, hepatitis C antigens (multiplexed) | mBio Dx planar waveguide array | Serum, plasma | 100%, 98%, 98% positives identified correctly, respectively; no false-positives | (Lochhead et al. 2011) |
| CD4 T cell counts | mBio Dx planar waveguide array | Whole blood | 99.8% accurate counts (flow cytometry as gold standard) | (Logan et al. 2013) |