Table 4.

TIRF-based biosensors used for detection in spiked and naturally contaminated foodstuffs (publications since 2005)

Target	Multiplex	Matrix	Detection limit	Reference
Antibiotics, hormones
Chloramphenicol Streptomycin Desfuroylceftiofur	3-plex	raw milk	0.1 ng/mL 11 ng/mL 2 ng/mL	(McGrath et al. 2015)
Progesterone	-	milk	45–56 pg/mL	(Tschmelak et al. 2005)(Tschmelak et al. 2005)(Tschmelak et al. 2005)(Tschmelak et al. 2005)(Tschmelak et al. 2005)(Tschmelak et al. 2005)
Progesterone	-	milk	0.04 ng/mL (could be used to determine estrus cycle)	(Kappel et al. 2007)
Bacteria, viruses, parasites
Escherichia coli O157:H7	-	Ground beef, turkey sausage, chicken rinse, apple juice	1–5 ×104 cell/mL	(Shriver-Lake et al. 2007b)(Shriver-Lake et al. 2007b)(Shriver-Lake et al. 2007b)(Shriver-Lake et al. 2007b)(Shriver-Lake et al. 2007b)(Shriver-Lake et al. 2007b)(Shriver-Lake et al. 2007b)
SEB Salmonella typhimurium	2-plex	Apple juice, milk (blind trial)	1 ng/mL 5×105 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL	(Shriver-Lake et al. 2007a)
E. coli O157:H7	-	Produce wash	0.01 cfu/g produce	(Dyer et al. 2009)
E. coli O157:H7		Ground beef	900 cfu/g beef	(Zhu et al. 2011)
Listeria monocytogenes	-	Read-to-eat meats (beef, chicken, turkey)	1×103 cfu/mL*	(Ohk et al. 2010)
Toxins
SEB botulinum toxoid	2-plex	Apple juice, tomato products, mushroom, canned corn, canned green beans, tuna	0.1–0.5 ng/ml 20–500 ng/mL	(Sapsford et al. 2005)
Ochratoxin (OTA)	-	Barley, wheat pasta, corn, coffee, wine	3.8–10 ng/g	(Ngundi et al. 2005)
Deoxynivalenol (DON)	-	Corn, wheat, barley oats	1–10 ng/g	(Ngundi et al. 2006a)
Aflatoxin B1	-	Corn, peanuts, pecans, peanut butter	0.6–5 ng/g	(Sapsford et al. 2006)
OTA, DON	2-plex	Corn, barley, wheat	1–85 ng/g	(Ngundi et al. 2006b)
OTA		Oat samples	1 ng/mL (buffer)

^*100 cfu/25 g meat detected after 18h enrichment