Table 2. Mixed models testing the interaction between carotenoid treatment and time.
The reported tests are the best fitted models with an interaction at P < 0.10, or instead, when it is removed at higher P-values by following a backward-step wise procedure (see Methods).
| Dependent variable | Terms in the model | Slope | SE | F | df | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eye rings redness | Carotenoid | 10.22 | 3,167 | <0.001 | ||
| Sex | 3.97 | 1,167 | 0.048 | |||
| Time | 5.43 | 2,237 | 0.005 | |||
| Carotenoid × time | 2.65 | 6,237 | 0.017 | |||
| Eggs | −0.001 | 0.001 | 5.05 | 1,237 | 0.026 | |
| Total brightness | −0.0001 | 0.0001 | 18.05 | 1,237 | <0.001 | |
| Plasma tocopherol | 0.026 | 0.009 | 7.98 | 1,237 | 0.005 | |
| Bill redness | Carotenoid | 6.58 | 3,168 | <0.001 | ||
| Time | 8.64 | 3,235 | <0.001 | |||
| Carotenoid × time | 1.96 | 6,235 | 0.072 | |||
| Eggs | −0.001 | 0.001 | 5.87 | 1,235 | 0.016 | |
| Total brightness | −0.0002 | 0.00002 | 63.68 | 1,235 | <0.001 | |
| Plasma tocopherol | 0.033 | 0.011 | 9.23 | 1,235 | 0.003 | |
| Legs redness | Carotenoid | 6.04 | 3,167 | <0.001 | ||
| Sex | 17.6 | 1,167 | <0.001 | |||
| Time | 12.44 | 2,227 | <0.001 | |||
| Sex × time | 1.36 | 2,227 | 0.258 | |||
| Carotenoid × time | 0.63 | 6,227 | 0.703 | |||
| Eggs | −0.025 | 0.022 | 1.28 | 1,227 | 0.259 | |
| Red chip | 1.251 | 0.274 | 20.85 | 1,227 | <0.001 | |
| Plasma tocopherol | 1.129 | 0.467 | 5.84 | 1,227 | 0.017 | |
| Plasma retinol | −1.854 | 1.147 | 2.61 | 1,227 | 0.108 | |
| Plasma lutein | Carotenoid | 105.1 | 3,164 | <0.001 | ||
| Sex | 54.22 | 1,164 | <0.001 | |||
| Time | 69.61 | 2,237 | <0.001 | |||
| Sex × carotenoid | 5.22 | 3,164 | 0.002 | |||
| Carotenoid × time | 36.81 | 6,237 | <0.001 | |||
| Plasma tocopherol | 0.456 | 0.026 | 313.86 | 1,237 | <0.001 | |
| Plasma retinol | 0.168 | 0.065 | 6.74 | 1,237 | 0.01 | |
| Eggs | −0.004 | 0.001 | 8.57 | 1,237 | 0.004 | |
| Plasma zeaxanthin | Carotenoid | 309.6 | 3,164 | <0.001 | ||
| Sex | 47.35 | 1,164 | <0.001 | |||
| Time | 73.54 | 2,235 | <0.001 | |||
| Carotenoid × time | 95.93 | 6,235 | <0.001 | |||
| Sex × carotenoid | 3.68 | 3,164 | 0.013 | |||
| Sex × time | 4.4 | 2,235 | 0.013 | |||
| Plasma tocopherol | 0.379 | 0.026 | 216.34 | 1,235 | <0.001 | |
| Plasma retinol | 0.188 | 0.064 | 8.72 | 1,235 | 0.004 | |
| Eggs | −0.006 | 0.001 | 20.9 | 1,235 | <0.001 | |
| Plasma tocopherol | Carotenoid | 2.61 | 3,167 | 0.053 | ||
| Sex | 2.56 | 1,167 | 0.112 | |||
| Time | 117.68 | 2,236 | <0.001 | |||
| Carotenoid × time | 2.63 | 6,236 | 0.017 | |||
| Sex × time | 4.89 | 2,236 | 0.008 | |||
| Plasma retinol | 0.548 | 0.122 | 20.25 | 1,236 | <0.001 | |
| Eggs | −0.009 | 0.002 | 14.94 | 1,236 | <0.001 | |
| Plasma retinol | Carotenoid | 2.11 | 3,168 | 0.101 | ||
| Time | 36.06 | 2,238 | <0.001 | |||
| Carotenoid × time | 1.01 | 6,238 | 0.421 | |||
| Plasma tocopherol | 0.0852 | 0.019 | 20.8 | 1,238 | <0.001 | |
| Eggs | −0.002 | 0.001 | 5.14 | 1,238 | 0.024 | |
| UA & ALB-corrected PLAOX | Carotenoid | 7.19 | 3,164 | <0.001 | ||
| Time | 0.38 | 2,187 | 0.686 | |||
| Carotenoid × time | 2.57 | 6,187 | 0.021 | |||
| Uric acid | 0.768 | 0.053 | 2.14 | 1,187 | <0.001 | |
| Albumin | −0.498 | 0.112 | 19.99 | 1,187 | <0.001 | |
| Plasma retinol | 0.228 | 0.098 | 5.17 | 1,187 | 0.024 | |
| Plasma TRG-corrected MDA | Carotenoid | 1.05 | 3,164 | 0.371 | ||
| Sex | 0.29 | 1,164 | 0.593 | |||
| Time | 14.43 | 2,228 | <0.001 | |||
| Carotenoid × time | 0.71 | 6,228 | 0.645 | |||
| Sex × carotenoid | 1.8 | 3,164 | 0.149 | |||
| Sex × time | 0.78 | 2,228 | 0.46 | |||
| Plasma tocopherol | −0.04 | 0.045 | 0.81 | 1,228 | 0.37 | |
| Plasma retinol | −0.089 | 0.108 | 0.67 | 1,228 | 0.413 | |
| Plasma triglycerides | 0.298 | 0.031 | 90.13 | 1,228 | <0.001 | |
| Eggs | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.37 | 1,228 | 0.543 | |
| Resistance to oxidative stress in erythrocytes | Carotenoid | 1.48 | 3,163 | 0.223 | ||
| Sex | 1.3 | 1,163 | 0.256 | |||
| Time | 1.7 | 2,203 | 0.185 | |||
| Carotenoid × time | 0.69 | 6,203 | 0.657 | |||
| Sex × carotenoid | 0.59 | 3,163 | 0.619 | |||
| Plasma retinol | −20.202 | 8.811 | 5.26 | 1,203 | 0.023 | |
| Eggs | −0.339 | 0.18 | 3.55 | 1,203 | 0.061 | |
| Lag time | −0.122 | 0.021 | 35.9 | 1,203 | <0.001 |
Note:
ALB, albumin; MDA, malondyaldehydes; PLAOX, plasma antioxidants; TRG, tryglycerides; UA, uric acid.