Table 1.
Mediators Associated with Kupffer Cells and Cholestatic Liver Injury
| Mediators | Pathophysiological events induced by mediators |
|---|---|
| M1 Kupffer cells | |
| TNF-α | Inflammation and apoptosis25 |
| IL-1 | Inflammatory responses,26 hepatic steatosis,27 and fibrosis28 |
| IL-6 | Inflammation,29 cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis23 |
| M2 Kupffer cells | |
| IL-4 | Wound repair,30 liver regeneration,31 and anti-inflammatory responses32 |
| IL-10 | Anti-inflammatory responses,33 fibrosis,34 bacteria clearance,35 apoptosis of M1 macrophages36 |
| IL-13 | Anti-inflammatory responses37 and fibrosis38 |
| TGF-β | Fibrosis39 |
| Others | |
| IL-17 | Kupffer cell activation40 |
| miR-124 | Macrophage deactivation41 |
| miR-155 | Inhibition of M2 macrophage polarization42 |
| miR-223 | Inhibition of M1 macrophage polarization43 |
TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.