Table 1.

Summary of Different 3D-printing Technologies

Printing Mechanism	Example Materials34–39	Manufacturer Stated Resolution (X x Y x Z )34–39	Example Applications & Device Dimensions (μm)
Inkjet Printing34 Solid particles are bonded layer by layer via adhesive or UV. Support materials are needed.	Acrylonitrile VisiJet Crystal a ABS b ThermoJet 2000c	375 × 375 × 790 dpi 68 × 68 × 32 μm	Evaluating printers for microfluidic fabrication 200 μm (diameter)74
			Microfluidic circuitry 750 μm (channel diameter)24
PolyJet Printing35 Liquid material is cured by UV layer by layer. Support materials are needed.	Verowhited Full Cure 720 e Veroclear f	600 × 600 × 1600 dpi 42 × 42 × 16 μm	Endothelium lysis study 800 × 1000 (cross section) μm26
			Gradient generators and mixers within channels for biosensing 114 × 51 μm (cross section)41
			Wall-Jet electrochemical detector 375 × 375 μm (cross section)19
Stereolithography36, 37 Object is cured layer by layer by UV and is placed in a resin bath. Support materials are needed.	Acrylate resin g Modified Resin	454 × 454 × 508 dpi 56 × 56 × 50 μm	Micromixer for pKa determination 500 × 500 μm (cross section)75
			immunoassay for bacteria detection 250 × 500 μm (cross section)76
			Mold to cast PDMS channels 300 × 300 μm (cross section)77
Fused Deposition Modeling38, 39 Fused filaments are laid layer by layer to build a 3D object. Support materials are not needed.	Polypropelene ABS PLA h	203 × 203 × 200 dpi 125 × 125 × 200 μm	Biomedical Microdeivce 1000 × 500 μm (cross section)78
			Fluidic reactionware 800 μm (channel diameter)17
			Electrochemical detector 200 × 600 μm (cross section)79

^aUrethane acrylate oligomers (20–40 %); Ethoxylated bishenol A diacrylate (15–35%) and Tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (1.5–3%)

^bAcrylonitrile butadiene styrene

^cThermoplastic

^dAcrylic monomer (<25%); Phenol, polymer with 2-propenoate (<15%); diphenyl-2,3,6-trimethylbenzoyl phosphineoxide (<2%); titanium dioxide (0.8%); Acrylic acidester (<0.3%)

^eIsobonyl acrylate (10–30%); Proprietary Acrylic monomer (10–30%); Proprietary acrylate oligomer (10–30%) and photoinitiator (0.1–1%)

^fAcrylic monomer (<30%); Isobonyl acrylate (<25%); phenol-oxirane-propenoate mix (<15%); diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl phosphine oxide (<2%) and Acrylic acidester (<0.3%)

^gAcrylate oligomer and monomer; epoxy monomer and photoinitiator with additives.

^hPolylactic Acid