Table 1.

Gagne’s nine events of instruction

Instructional event	Cognitive process
1. Gaining attention	Reception
2. Informing learner of objectives	Expectancy
3. Stimulate recall of prior learning	Retrieval
4. Presenting stimulus	Selective perception
5. Providing learning guidance	Semantic encoding
6. Eliciting performance	Responding
7. Providing feedback	Reinforcement
8. Assessing performance	Retrieval
9. Enhancing retention and transfer	Generalization

Note: Adapted from Gagne RM, Wager WW, Golas KG, Keller JM. Principles of Instructional Design. 5th ed. © 2005 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. ISBN: 9780534582845 (0534582842).¹