Table 1. Baseline clinical characteristics and tryptophan levels in individuals who developed diabetes (T2D, n = 51) and remained metabolically healthy (NGT, n = 162) in 10 years, and in matched future metabolically healthy (matched NGT, n = 23) individuals.
| Metabolic markers | NGT (n = 162) | Matched NGT (n = 23) | T2D (n = 51) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male:female) | 44:118 | 11:12 | 24:27 |
| Age (yrs) | 38.51±0.95## | 52.7±2.72 | 53.78±1.75 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.63±0.27 | 25.75±0.62 | 25.53±0.50 |
| Waist (cm) | 76.91±0.71# | 80.13±1.98 | 80.12±1.13 |
| Glucose0 (mM) | 4.76±0.04## | 4.95±0.08 | 5.13±0.09 |
| Glucose120 (mM) | 5.21±0.09## | 6.07±0.24 | 6.08±0.18 |
| INS0 (U/L) | 7.90±0.40## | 9.89±1.13 | 9.36±0.56 |
| INS120 (U/L) | 45.15±3.46## | 52.66±7.79 | 56.42±4.20 |
| TC (mM) | 4.05±0.03 | 4.14±0.1 | 3.97±0.02 |
| TG (mM) | 1.05±0.02## | 1.23±0.06 | 1.33±0.06 |
| HDL (mM) | 1.36±0.01 | 1.38±0.03 | 1.33±0.02 |
| LDL (mM) | 2.66±0.03## | 2.73±0.07 | 2.88±0.10 |
| SP (mmHg) | 112.16±0.93## | 119.26±2.23 | 122.51±1.51 |
| DP (mmHg) | 73.41±0.54## | 75.78±1.13 | 79.14±1.13 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.70±0.01## | 5.71±0.05 | 5.80±0.07 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.66±0.08## | 2.22±0.27 | 2.14±0.13 |
| HOMA-Beta | 148.83±12.37 | 137.54±14.64 | 138.68±13.53 |
| Matsuda index | 176.60±11.68## | 116.44±15.37 | 93.68±6.33 |
| First-phase secretion | 828.06±40.76## | 700.14±38.21 | 645.08±60.8 |
| Second-phase secretion | 208.4±9.12## | 179.36±8.94 | 178.88±12.54 |
| Tryptophan (ug/ml) | 19.58±1.36## | 16.64±2.14## | 50.93±2.61 |
Data present as mean ± S.E.
# Mann-Whitney p < 0.05 compared with T2D.
## Mann-Whitney p < 0.01 compared with T2D.
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; Glucose0 = fasting plasma glucose; Glucose120 = 2 h plasma glucose; INS0 = fasting insulin; INS120 = 2 h insulin; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; SP = systolic blood pressure; DP = diastolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = total triglycerides; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (FPG*INS0/22.5); Matsuda index = 10000/(Glucose0×INS0×Glucose120×INS120)0.5; HOMA-Beta = homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function (20*INS0/(Glucose0-3.5); First-phase secretion = 2032+4.681*INS0-135*Glucose120+0.995*INS120+27.99*BMI-269.1*Glucose0; Second-phase secretion = 277+0.8*INS0-42.79*Glucose120+0.321*INS120+5.338*BMI.