Table 2.
Children with low maths & literacy scores (outcomes), low self-regulation & cognitive ability (mediators), and confounding variables, According to low and high socio-economic disadvantage (SED)a: % (N), risk ratios (RR) (95% confidence intervals (CIs)).
| Exposure (X): | LSAC |
MCS |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (N) low SED | (N) high SED | RR (95% CI), High SED (vs. Low) | % (N) low SED | % (N) high SED | RR (95% CI), High SED (vs. Low) | |||
| Outcomes (Y) | ||||||||
| Maths score (lowest Q) | 16.2 (429) | 30.9 (107) | 1.91 | 1.59, 2.28 | 16.4 (1360) | 30.6 (847) | 1.87 | 1.74, 2.01 |
| Literacy score (lowest Q) | 16.6 (444) | 32.2 (113) | 1.94 | 1.63, 2.30 | 14.4 (1180) | 31.4 (868) | 2.19 | 2.03, 2.36 |
| Mediators (M1 and M2) | ||||||||
| Self-regulation score (lowest Q) | 21.9 (585) | 27.1 (96) | 1.24 | 1.03, 1.49 | 21.4 (1790) | 29.4 (823) | 1.37 | 1.28, 1.47 |
| Cognitive ability (lowest Q) | 17.4 (465) | 31.1 (110) | 1.79 | 1.50, 2.13 | 12.8 (1072) | 29.8 (834) | 2.32 | 2.14, 2.52 |
| Baseline confounding (C) | ||||||||
| <20 years at 1st birth | 1.9 (51) | 15.8 (56) | 8.29 | 5.77, 11.92 | 11.2 (933) | 35.0 (979) | 3.13 | 2.90, 3.39 |
| Non-English language | 11.5 (308) | 9.3 (33) | 0.81 | 0.58, 1.14 | 8.0 (671) | 16.2 (453) | 2.01 | 1.80, 2.25 |
| Intermediate confounding (L) | ||||||||
| Less supportive environment | 8.7 (232) | 21.9 (75) | 2.44 | 1.93, 3.09 | 15.6 (1306) | 48.4 (1355) | 3.10 | 2.90, 3.30 |
LSAC: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children; MCS: Millennium Cohort Study; Q: quintile;.
a
High SED is defined as not completing year 12 (LSAC) or not achieving GCSE grades A*-C (MCS); N = 3028 in LSAC; 11,168 in MCS (complete variable set for those with maths or literacy scores).