Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients.

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or numbers.

NEST, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; CST, conventional swallowing training; TBI, traumatic brain injury; PAS, penetration-aspiration scale; FDS, functional dysphagia scale; ASHA NOMS, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association National Outcome Measurement System swallowing scale; GRBAS, grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain; NHR, noise-to-harmonic ratio; SPI, soft phonation index; MPT, maximal phonation time; MFR, mean flow rate; SPL, sound pressure level; Psub, subglottic pressure; PE, phonation efficiency; PR, phonation resistance

^a)Mann-Whitney U test, ^b)Fisher's exact test.