Table 5.
Force‐generating parameters of 24 proximal musculotendon units included in the musculoskeletal model
| Musculotendon unit | Abbreviation | Groups | F max (N) | L f (m) | L ts (m) | Pennation angle (o) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gluteus (dorsal) | GM (d) | Hip rotators, hip extensors | 0.936 | 0.01305 | 0.00501 | 20.42 |
| Gluteus (middle) | GM (m) | Hip rotators, hip extensors | 1.026 | 0.01271 | 0.00489 | 20.42 |
| Gluteus (ventral) | GM (v) | Hip rotators, hip extensors | 1.049 | 0.01242 | 0.00478 | 20.42 |
| Obturator externus | OE | Hip rotators | 0.086 | 0.00246 | 0.00096 | 0.00 |
| Obturator internus | OI | Hip rotators | 0.314 | 0.00565 | 0.00065 | 0.00 |
| Gemellus | GEM | Hip rotators | 0.179 | 0.00143 | 0.00001 | 0.00 |
| Quadratus femoris | QF | Hip rotators | 2.030 | 0.00465 | 0.00110 | 0.00 |
| Tensor fascia latae | TFL | Hip rotators | 0.000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00 |
| Adductor magnus | AM | Hip adductors | 0.614 | 0.00760 | 0.00302 | 0.00 |
| Adductor longus | AL | Hip adductors | 0.402 | 0.00745 | 0.00255 | 0.00 |
| Adductor brevis | AB | Hip adductors | 0.234 | 0.00642 | 0.00176 | 0.00 |
| Gracilis posterior | GP | Hip adductors, hip extensors | 0.345 | 0.00912 | 0.00435 | 0.00 |
| Gracilis anterior | GA | Hip adductors, hip extensors | 0.402 | 0.00882 | 0.00607 | 0.00 |
| Psoas major | PMA | Hip flexors | 1.338 | 0.00697 | 0.00501 | 15.54 |
| Psoas minor | PMI | Hip flexors | 1.088 | 0.00578 | 0.00390 | 12.57 |
| Iliacus | ILI | Hip flexors | 0.549 | 0.00857 | 0.00275 | 0.00 |
| Pectineus | PECT | Hip flexors | 0.363 | 0.00277 | 0.00181 | 15.18 |
| Caudofemoralis | CF | Hip extensors | 0.554 | 0.01137 | 0.00307 | 0.00 |
| Semimembranosus | SM | Hip extensors, knee flexors | 1.916 | 0.01165 | 0.00409 | 0.00 |
| Semitendinosus | ST | Hip extensors, knee flexors | 1.299 | 0.01111 | 0.00480 | 0.00 |
| Biceps femoris anterior | BFA | Hip extensors, knee flexors | 0.876 | 0.01145 | 0.00383 | 0.00 |
| Biceps femoris posterior (cranial) | BFP (cr) | Hip extensors, knee flexors | 0.725 | 0.01008 | 0.00491 | 0.00 |
| Biceps femoris posterior (middle) | BFP (m) | Hip extensors, knee flexors | 0.728 | 0.01004 | 0.00478 | 0.00 |
| Biceps femoris posterior (caudal) | BFP (ca) | Hip extensors, knee flexors | 0.611 | 0.01197 | 0.00406 | 0.00 |
Maximum force (F max), fibre length (L f) and pennation angle (o) were derived from previously measured skeletal muscle architecture (Charles et al. 2016). Tendon slack length (L ts) was estimated using a numerical optimisation procedure from Manal & Buchanan (2004). Grouping was based on presumed functions during locomotion (see Materials and methods).