. 2016 Sep 7;7:386. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00386

Table 1.

Weight-related characteristics and circulating parameters.

Parameters	SS	SD	TS	TD
Initial body weight (g)	25.96 ± 0.27	26.47 ± 0.30	26.4 ± 0.5	25.64 ± 0.57
End body weight (g)	30.45 ± 0.29	32.99 ± 0.45^*	29.93 ± 0.47	29.85 ± 0.73^##
Body weight gain (g)	4.49 ± 0.24	6.51 ± 0.36^*	3.53 ± 0.38	4.20 ± 0.77^##
Energy intake (kcal/day)	12.4 ± 0.67	18.59 ± 0.87^***	12.26 ± 0.69	15.15 ± 1.25^##^, ^&
Epididymal fat (g)/body weight (g) × 1000	6.07 ± 0.46	11.01 ± 0.64^***	5.43 ± 0.25	8.83 ± 0.74^##^, ^&&
Periaortic fat (g)/body weight (g) × 1000	0.15 ± 0.03	0.41 ± 0.06^*	0.21 ± 0.04	0.34 ± 0.06
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	98.32 ± 3.19	94.45 ± 2.55	100.9 ± 4.31	96.28 ± 3.24
Heart rate (bpm)	608.4 ± 32.83	613.5 ± 19.27	585.8 ± 1.75	594.2 ± 48.87
Glucose (mg.dL⁻¹)	200.3 ± 16.85	228.8 ± 24.48	181.7 ± 18.21	213.7 ± 21.11
Triglycerides (mg.dL⁻¹)	87.03 ± 7.89	84.02 ± 9.23	92.93 ± 20.52	78.25 ± 11.71
Free fatty acids (mmol.L⁻¹)	1.49 ± 0.08	1.80 ± 0.18	1.81 ± 0.21	1.78 ± 0.17
Total cholesterol (mg.dL⁻¹)	77.45 ± 6.02	111.3 ± 8.74^**	68.68 ± 6.87	97.96 ± 8.67^#^, ^&
cLDL (mg.dL⁻¹)	32.62 ± 6.27	63.34 ± 7.46^**	32.73 ± 4.51	47.94 ± 6.55^#
cHDL (mg.dL⁻¹)	27.47 ± 2.68	33.78 ± 3.71	21.85 ± 2.58	35.40 ± 4.67
cLDL/cHDL	1.13 ± 0.21	2.07 ± 0.32^*	1.79 ± 0.23	1.52 ± 0.23
Leptin (ng.mL⁻¹)	1.70 ± 0.21	2.96 ± 0.29^***	1.39 ± 0.08	1.34 ± 0.24^###
Insulin (ng.mL⁻¹)	0.50 ± 0.05	0.82 ± 0.10^*	0.54 ± 0.1	0.49 ± 0.08^#

SS, sedentary + standard chow group; SD, sedentary + high-sugar diet group; TS, trained + standard chow group; TD, trained + high-sugar diet group. ^*SS × SD; ^#SD × TD; ^&TS × TD.

p < 0.05,

^**

p < 0.01,

^***

p < 0.001;

p < 0.05,

^##

p < 0.01,

^###

p < 0.001;

p < 0.05, and

^&&

p < 0.01; one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test, n = 10–18 animals per group.