(d).
| Independent variable | Travelling alone | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
| Age (years) | 0.12 | 1.12 (1.12–1.13) | <0.001 |
| Female versus male | 0.49 | 1.64 (1.57–1.71) | <0.001 |
| No education versus any education | 0.35 | 1.42 (1.36–1.49) | <0.001 |
| Inadequate versus adequate income | 0.25 | 1.28 (1.23–1.33) | <0.001 |
| Married (couple) versus unmarried | −0.33 | 0.72 (0.65–0.80) | <0.001 |
| Married (not together) versus unmarried | −0.18 | 0.83 (0.75–0.92) | <0.001 |
| Living with others versus alone | 0.16 | 1.18 (1.10–1.26) | <0.001 |
| Did not work in the past 7 days | 1.19 | 3.28 (3.12–3.44) | <0.001 |
| Any chronic disease∗ | 0.61 | 1.85 (1.78–1.92) | <0.001 |
| Rural versus urban | 0.12 | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | <0.001 |
| Bangkok versus South | 0.10 | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) | 0.014 |
| Central versus South | 0.08 | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 0.019 |
| North versus South | 0.08 | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 0.020 |
| Northeast versus South | 0.20 | 1.22 (1.15–1.30) | <0.001 |
| Year 2007 versus 2002 | −0.37 | 0.69 (0.66–0.72) | <0.001 |
| Year 2011 versus 2002 | −0.51 | 0.60 (0.57–0.63) | <0.001 |
| Constant | −10.51 | <0.001 | |
∗Any chronic disease includes heart problems, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and stroke.