Table 3.

Assessment of risk of bias for 41 eligible studies included in systematic review

Paper (first author(s), year)	Selection bias	Ecological fallacy	Confounding bias	Reporting bias	Time bias	Measurement error in exposure variable	Measurement error in health outcome	Overall rating
Aguilar-Palacio, 2015	3	1	2	3	3	2	3	3
Antonakakis and Collins, 2014	2	3	2	2	3	1	3	3
Astell-Burt and Feng, 2013	3	1	2	3	3	3	3	3
Barr, 2012	1	3	2	1	2	2	3	2
Barr, 2015	3	1	3	3	3	2	3	3
Bartoll, 2014	3	1	2	2	3	3	2	3
Bartoll, 2015	2	1	2	3	2	2	2	2
Branas, 2015	1	3	3	2	2	3	3	3
Chang, 2013	2	3	2	1	3	3	3	3
Coope, 2014	2	3	2	3	2	1	3	3
Corcoran, 2015	1	3	2	2	2	3	3	3
Córdoba-Doña, 2014	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2
Curl and Kearns, 2015	3	1	3	3	2	2	2	3
De Vogli, 2014	1	3	3	3	2	1	3	3
Drydakis 2015	2	1	2	2	2	2	2	1
Economou, 2013	2	1	1	3	3	3	2	3
Eiríksdóttir, 2013	1	1	2	3	3	3	1	3
Eiríksdóttir, 2015	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	1
Ferrarini, 2014	2	3	2	3	3	3	3	3
Fountoulakis, 2014	2	3	3	3	2	1	3	3
Gili, 2013	2	1	2	3	3	1	2	2
Gotsens, 2015	3	1	2	3	3	3	2	3
Hessel, 2014	3	1	1	2	3	3	2	3
Huijts, 2015	1	1	1	2	3	2	2	2
Katikireddi, 2012	2	1	1	2	2	2	2	2
Kontaxakis, 2013	1	3	3	3	2	3	3	3
Laanani, 2015	3	3	1	3	2	2	3	3
Lopez Bernal, 2013	2	3	2	2	3	3	3	3
Madianos, 2014	1	3	3	3	2	1	3	3
Malard, 2015	2	1	2	1	3	3	2	3
Rachiotis, 2015	2	3	2	3	2	2	3	3
Rajmil, 2013	3	1	2	3	3	2	2	3
Reeves (20 EU countries), 2014	2	3	2	3	2	2	3	3
Reeves (21 EU countries), 2014	2	3	2	2	2	1	3	2
Regidor, 2014	2	3	3	3	2	3	1	3
Reile, 2014	3	1	2	2	3	3	3	3
Saurina, 2013	1	3	3	3	2	2	3	3
Tapia Granados and Rodriguez, 2015	1	3	3	3	2	3	3	3
Vandoros, 2013	3	1	1	1	3	3	3	3
Zapata Moya, 2015	3	1	2	2	2	3	2	2
Zavras, 2012	3	1	1	2	3	2	2	2
Weighted κ	0.65	0.83	0.64	0.56	0.70	0.6059	0.75	0.76