Table 1.

Illustration of body and joint angles measured with the CUELA system, evaluation parameters used and assessment criteria in line with ergonomic norms

Body areas	Joint/body area	Degree of freedom according to medical definitions	Evaluation parameter	Angle range according to ergonomic standards
Head/neck	Head	Sagittal inclination	Head tilted to the front (HT_f)24 25	Neutral: 0 to 25° Moderate: 25 to 85° Awkward: <0° and >85°
		Lateral inclination	Head tilted to the right (HT_r)25	Neutral: −10 to 10° Awkward: <−10° and >10°
	Cervical spine (CS)	Flexion/extension	Neck curvature to the front (NC_f) (difference between head and TS)24 25	Neutral: 0 to 25° Awkward: <0° and >25°
		Lateral flexion	Neck curvature to the right (NC_r) (difference between head and TS)24 25	Neutral: −10 to 10° Awkward: <−10° and >10°
Back	Thoracic spine (TS)	Flexion/extension	TS inclination to the front (TSI_f)24 25	Neutral: 0 to 20° Moderate: 20 to 60° Awkward: <0° and >60°
		Lateral flexion	TS inclination to the right (TSI_r)24 25	Neutral: −10 to 10° Moderate: −10 to −20° Moderate: 10 to 20° Awkward:<−20° and > 20
	Lumbar spine (LS)	Flexion/extension	LS inclination to the front (LSI_f)	No ergonomic layout available
		Lateral flexion	LS inclination to the right (LSI_r)
	Trunk (T)	Flexion/extension	Back curvature to the front (BC_f) (difference between TS and LS)24 25	Neutral: 0 to 20° Moderate: 20 to 40° Awkward: <0° and > 40°
			Inclination of the torso to the front (TI_f) (median flexion of TS and LS)24 25	Neutral: 0 to 20° Moderate: 20 to 60° Awkward: <0° and >60°
		Lateral flexion	Back curvature to the right (BC_r) (difference between TS and LS)24 25	Neutral: −10 to 10° Moderate: −10 to −20° Moderate: 10 to 20° Awkward: <−20° and >20°
			Inclination of the torso to the right (TI_r) (median lateral flexion of TS and LS)24 25
		Torsion	Back torsion to the right (BT_r) (difference between TS and LS)25

CUELA, computer-assisted acquisition and long-term analysis of musculoskeletal loads.