Table 1.
Anthropometrics and fasting biochemical profile on the 28 study subjects by parity groups
| Variables | High parity (≥4 children) | Low parity (1–2 children) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometry | |||
| Age (years)* | 40 (31 to 42) | 40 (33 to 44) | 0.93 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.8 (21.4 to 24.3) | 21.7 (20.7 to 22.7) | 0.18 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 122.6 (116.9 to 127.4) | 120.7 (113.9 to 127.4) | 0.64 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 75.8 (72.5 to 79.1) | 74.9 (70.5 to 79.3) | 0.72 |
| Parity (number of children) | 4 (4 to 6) | 2 (1 to 2) | |
| Years of education† | 17 (9 to 21) | 17 (13 to 21) | 0.48 |
| Body composition from DEXA scan | |||
| Lean body mass (kg) | 43.2 (40.9 to 45.6) | 41.5 (39.0 to 44.1) | 0.29 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 19.0 (15.9 to 22.0) | 18.0 (16.3 to 19.8) | 0.58 |
| Fat percent | 28.9 (26.0 to 31.7) | 29.1 (26.8 to 31.4) | 0.87 |
| Fasting blood samples | |||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.80 (4.74 to 5.18) | 4.85 (4.77 to 4.94) | 0.88 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)* | 33.7 (32.2 to 35.2) (5.2 (5.1 to 5.4)) |
33.8 (32.3 to 35.4) (5.2 (5.1 to 5.4)) |
0.91 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.5 (4.0 to 4.9) | 4.3 (4.0 to 4.7) | 0.49 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.7) | 0.18 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.6 (2.3 to 2.9) | 2.4 (2.1 to 2.7) | 0.34 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L)† | 0.8 (0.3 to 3.2) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.5) | 0.26 |
| Insulin (pmol/L)† | 32 (17 to 68) | 29 (23 to 44) | 0.33 |
| Proinsulin (pmol/L)† | 3.86 (1.28 to 10.53) | 3.35 (1.04 to 7.75) | 0.60 |
| Proinsulin/insulin ratio | 0.13 (0.08 to 0.17) | 0.12 (0.08 to 0.15) | 0.80 |
| Proinsulin/C peptide ratio | 0.012 (0.009 to 0.016) | 0.013 (0.009 to 0.016) | 0.95 |
| C peptide (pmol/L)† | 300 (194 to 776) | 293 (153 to 460) | 0.78 |
| Glucagon (pg/mL) | 36 (19 to 78) | 33 (22 to 60) | 0.27 |
| HOMA-B† | 76.3 (36.3 to 121.4) | 68.1 (57.7 to 98.7) | 0.09 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.60 (0.35 to 1.25) | 0.54 (0.43 to 0.81) | 0.33 |
| DI | 6567 (4770 to 8365) | 6030 (4699 to 7361) | 0.62 |
*NSPG is used as a standardized measure of HbA1c.†Median and range, p value from non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test.
Mean, 95%, p Value from Student’s t-test.
DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; DI, disposition index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; HOMA-B, HOMA score calculated for estimation of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, HOMA score calculated for estimation of insulin sensitivity; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.