Table 3.

Association Between Reported Smoking and Depression or Anxiety Status (N=34,633)^*

	Crude Prevalence Ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (95% CI)
Smoked in the 3 mo before pregnancy
Depression or anxiety	2.08 (1.97–2.19)	1.49 (1.41–1.57)†
None	Reference	Reference
Smoked in the last 3 mo of pregnancy
Depression or anxiety	2.62 (2.42–2.84)	1.69 (1.56–1.84)‡
None	Reference	Reference
Smoking cessation by the last 3 mo of pregnancy§
Depression or anxiety	0.77 (0.71–0.83)	0.86 (0.80–0.92)||
None	Reference	Reference

CI, confidence interval.

^*Nine Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System states in 2009–2011: Delaware, Hawaii, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

^†Adjusted for maternal age, race and ethnicity, education, marital status, insurance coverage before pregnancy, parity, alcohol use or binge drinking before pregnancy, physical abuse before and during pregnancy, state and year of neonatal birth.

^‡Adjusted for maternal race and ethnicity, education, marital status, insurance coverage during prenatal care and at delivery, parity, physical abuse before and during pregnancy, and state (n=33,492).

^§Smoking cessation by the last 3 months of pregnancy was calculated among prepregnancy smokers only.

^||Adjusted for maternal race and ethnicity, education, marital status, insurance coverage before pregnancy, parity, physical abuse before and during pregnancy, and state (n=9,350).