Table 4.
Prognostic factors for patients with good and moderate outcome (GOS 4 + 5) after resuscitation in the ER using a cross-tabulation
| GOS 4 + 5 (good and moderate outcome) in % | GOS 1–3 (severe disability, vegetative state, dead) in % | Total n = | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ER resuscitation | 90.2 | 52.2 | 1197 | p < 0.001 |
| Preclinical + ER resuscitation | 9.8 | 47.8 | 911 | |
| Penetrating trauma | 8.9 | 7.8 | 163 | p = 0.53 |
| Blunt trauma | 91.1 | 92.2 | 1894 | |
| Female patients | 27.2 | 30.1 | 628 | p = 0.38 |
| Male patients | 72.8 | 69.9 | 1483 | |
| Type of injury | ||||
| Car | 28.5 | 29.1 | 582 | p = 0.26 |
| Motorcycle | 14.6 | 13,6 | 275 | |
| Bicycle | 6.9 | 7.1 | 142 | |
| Pedestrian | 9.8 | 13.4 | 260 | |
| Fall > 3 m | 17.9 | 20.1 | 397 | |
| Fall < 3 m | 6.9 | 4.4 | 94 | |
| Other | 15.4 | 12.2 | 253 | |
| Severity of injury (AIS) | ||||
| AIS head <3 | 56.0 | 39.5 | 881 | p < 0.001 |
| AIS head ≥ 3 | 44.0 | 60.5 | 1241 | |
| AIS thorax <3 | 31.5 | 25.7 | 560 | p = 0.05 |
| AIS thorax ≥ 3 | 68.5 | 74.3 | 1562 | |
| AIS abdomen <3 | 69.6 | 68.1 | 1449 | p = 0.67 |
| AIS abdomen ≥ 3 | 30.4 | 31.9 | 673 | |
| AIS extremities <3 | 50.6 | 53.8 | 1134 | p = 0.35 |
| AIS extremities ≥ 3 | 49.4 | 46.2 | 988 | |
| Preclinical RR >90 mmHG | 73.3 | 34.9 | 664 | p < 0.001 |
| Preclinical RR ≤90 mmHG | 26.7 | 65.1 | 991 | |
| ER RR >90 mmHG | 69.2 | 31.4 | 647 | p < 0.001 |
| ER RR ≤90 mmHG | 30.8 | 68.6 | 1130 | |
| No blood transfusion | 52.5 | 33.9 | 700 | p < 0.001 |
| Blood transfusion | 47.5 | 66.1 | 1222 | |
| ≤10 blood transfusions | 79.8 | 72.8 | 1418 | p = 0.018 |
| >10 blood transfusions | 20.2 | 27.2 | 505 | |
| No coagulopathy | 57.8 | 24.1 | 471 | p < 0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 42.2 | 75.9 | ||
| Preclinical GCS >8 | 70.2 | 23.8 | 593 | p < 0.001 |
| Preclinical GCS ≤8 | 29.8 | 76.2 | 1420 | |
| No acidosis | 57.7 | 20.2 | 313 | p < 0.001 |
| Acidosis | 42.3 | 79.8 | 925 | |
| Age in years | 45 ± 20 | 50 ± 21 | 2122 | p = 0.005 |
| ISS | 30 ± 12 | 45 ± 18 | 2122 | p < 0.001 |
| Preclinical volume in ml | 1302 ± 974 | 1645 ± 1173 | 1886 | p < 0.001 |
| TASH score | 9.6 ± 6.3 | 14.6 ± 5.6 | 1047 | p < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin in the TR | 11.2 ± 2.9 | 8.8 ± 3.5 | 1777 | p < 0.001 |
| Quick in the TR | 72 ± 25 | 47 ± 51 | 1449 | p < 0.001 |
| INR in the TR | 1.40 ± 0.70 | 2.51 ± 2.14 | 1482 | p < 0.001 |
| Base excess | -6.2 ± 7.1 | -13.2 ± 9.0 | 1238 | p < 0.001 |
GOS Glasgow Outcome Scale, ER emergency room, AIS Abbreviated Injury Severity Score, RR Riva Rocchi, GCS Glasgow Coma Score, ISS Injury Severity Score, TASH Trauma-Associated Severe Haemorrhage, TR trauma room, INR international normalised ratio, statistic significant results are bold (p≤0.005)