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. 2016 Aug 31;283(1837):20160551. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0551

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© 2016 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 1. — Ants trained with absolute conditioning learn faster and better than ants trained with differential conditioning. The figure shows the percentage of ants responding with the maxilla-labium extension response (%MaLER) to the rewarded odour after absolute conditioning (CS+, green full dots) and to the rewarded and punished odours after differential conditioning (CS+, blue full dots; CS−, blue empty dots) along the conditioning trials. The levels of response to the trained odours in the tests are shown by single dots in the same graphs. (a) Hexanal+ (n = 29) versus hexanal+/octanal− (n = 38); (b) heptanal+ (n = 30) versus heptanal+/nonanal− (n = 40); (c) octanal+ (n = 30) versus octanal+/hexanal− (n = 41); and (d) nonanal+ (n = 28) versus nonanal+/heptanal− (n = 41). All odours were successfully learnt and all odour combinations were successfully differentiated. The presence of the CS− in differential conditioning reduced the learning success of the CS+ as shown by lower rates of acquisition and lower levels of responses to the CS+ in the test, compared with ants trained with absolute conditioning.