Fig. 4.

Annotated genes of Sarcophaga bullata, the fly host, that are significantly differentially expressed upon envenomation by N. vitripennis with GH19 chitinase knocked down via RNAi. Comparison of host gene expression 72 h after envenomation with the complete venom repertoire “Envenomated,” with LacZ RNAi control venom “Whole Venom Control,” and venom depleted of GH19 chitinase by RNAi “GH19 Knockdown”. The “Nonenvenomated” represents gene expression in normally developing hosts at the same age. Expression is measured in FPKM. The “Envenomated” and “Nonenvenomated” data are from Martinson et al. (2014).