Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants in Longitudinal Analysis (n = 117)
| Participants | Range | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 66.7 (6.2) | 60–81 |
| Age ≥75 years, no. (%), y | 19 (16.2%) | |
| White race, no. (%) | 82 (70.1%) | |
| Male sex, no. (%) | 115 (98.3%) | |
| Some college education or trade school, no. (%) | 69 (59.0%) | |
| Arthritis, no. (%) | 57 (48.7%) | |
| Stroke, no. (%) | 2 (1.7%) | |
| Heart disease, no. (%) | 33 (28.2%) | |
| Circulation trouble in arms or legs, no. (%) | 15 (12.8%) | |
| Anemia, no. (%) | 2 (1.7%) | |
| High blood pressure, no. (%) | 82 (70.1%) | |
| Emphysema or COPD, no. (%) | 13 (11.1%) | |
| Kidney disease, no. (%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| Health quality of life | ||
| General health, mean (SD), range 0–100 | 66.3 (18.5) | 10–100 |
| Number of comorbidities, mean (SD) | 3.60 (2.33) | 0–10 |
| Number of symptoms, mean (SD) | 1.97 (1.56) | 0–6 |
| Anthropometric and biochemical, mean (SD) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.4 (3.7) | 24.9–42.1 |
| Insulin, µIU/mL | 10.53 (5.79) | 1–29 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.87 (0.43) | 4–6.6 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 109.65 (7.17) | 100–125 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 175.4 (30.2) | 110–248 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 139.0 (73.3) | 33–530 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 38.0 (9.2) | 21–68 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 109.7 (27.6) | 51–170 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.44 (0.81) | 0.12–3.75 |
| Physical performance,* mean (SD) | ||
| Gait speed: usual pace, m/s | 1.26 (0.22) | 0.60–1.72 |
| Gait speed: rapid, m/s | 1.88 (0.38) | 0.74–2.71 |
| 6-min walk distance, yd | 578.0 (118.5) | 130–872 |
| Chair stands, total s | 11.2 (3.4) | 5–27 |
| Balance time, s | 9.40 (1.83) | 1–10 |
| Grip strength, kg | 35.4 (7.6) | 16–54 |
| SPPB summary score, range 4–12 | 11.1 (1.4) | 4–12 |
| Self-reported function, mean (SD) | ||
| Physical function, range 0–100 | 78.9 (18.6) | 30–100 |
Notes: BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; SD = standard deviation; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery.
*Gait speeds are speeds measured walking at usual (usual) pace and as rapidly as possible (rapid). Six-minute walk distance is distance walked in 6 minutes. Chair stand is the time required to complete five chair stands (better fitness associated with lower value). Balance time is the time (up to 10 seconds) for which a patient could stand in one of the three hierarchical positions as outlined (24). Grip strength is force generated using a hand-held dynamometer. Better fitness is represented by higher values. The SPPB summary score is developed by grading performance on usual walking speed, time for five chair stands, and balance test according to quartiles in the Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (24), thus each patient gets a score of 1–4 for each assessment.