Figure 1.

Dummy caterpillars (a) used in Experiment I, showing the four treatments: model green dummy with a rubber ant on them (upper left); artificial green dummy without rubber (lower left); artificial red dummy without rubber (upper right); artificial green dummy with a rubber piece (same size as the ant) on them (lower right). (b) Attacked caterpillars (%) for each of the four treatments by different predator group (invertebrates and vertebrates). Dummy fruits (c) used in Experiment II, showing the three treatments: fruit with a rubber ant on them; dummy fruit without rubber; dummy fruit with a rubber piece on them. (d) Attacked fruits (%) for each of the three treatments by birds and mammals. Different letters assigned to the columns indicate that the results are statistically different. (Online version in colour.)