Figure 1.

Crosstalks between host and microbes: impact on metabolism. The intestinal barrier is composed of different factors such as epithelial cells, a mucus layer, and antimicrobial peptides produced by host cells. The inner mucus layer and the antimicrobial peptides help to segregate microbes at distance of the epithelium. Moreover, specific microbes such as Akkermansia muciniphila have been shown to improve gut barrier function and mucus layer thickness. During high‐fat diet feeding and low fibers intake, the gut microbiota composition is different, inflammatory components translocate into the blood via the altered gut barrier function.