Table 2.
Population Average Generalized Linear Regression Models Predicting Subsequent Health (1996–2010)
| CESD | ADLs | IADLs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
| Retireda | 0.247*** (0.041) | 0.219*** (0.041) | 0.215*** (0.042) | 0.081*** (0.009) | 0.078*** (0.009) | 0.078*** (0.009) | 0.060*** (0.006) | 0.060*** (0.006) | 0.060*** (0.006) |
| Gained employment-based insuranceb | — | −0.068 (0.063) | −0.067 (0.063) | — | 0.001 (0.014) | 0.001 (0.014) | — | −0.013 (0.010) | −0.013 (0.010) |
| No employment-based insuranceb | — | 0.114* (0.049) | 0.136** (0.051) | — | 0.003 (0.010) | 0.005 (0.011) | — | 0.010 (0.008) | 0.011 (0.008) |
| Lost employment-based insuranceb | — | 0.242*** (0.055) | 0.271*** (0.058) | — | 0.028* (0.012) | 0.030* (0.013) | — | −0.003 (0.009) | −0.001 (0.009) |
| Non-group insurance | — | — | −0.088 (0.056) | — | — | −0.005 (0.012) | — | — | −0.005 (0.009) |
| Age | −0.011** (0.004) | −0.011** (0.004) | −0.011** (0.004) | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.000 (0.001) | −0.002* (0.001) | −0.002* (0.001) | −0.002* (0.001) |
| Educatione | −0.026*** (0.006) | −0.026*** (0.006) | −0.025*** (0.006) | −0.004** (0.001) | −0.004** (0.001) | −0.004** (0.001) | −0.002 (0.001) | −0.002 (0.001) | −0.002 (0.001) |
| African Americanc,e | −0.028 (0.039) | −0.031 (0.039) | −0.033 (0.039) | −0.007 (0.008) | −0.007 (0.008) | −0.007 (0.008) | 0.009 (0.006) | 0.009 (0.006) | 0.009 (0.006) |
| Other racec,e | −0.01 (0.077) | −0.014 (0.077) | −0.016 (0.077) | 0.019 (0.016) | 0.019 (0.016) | 0.019 (0.016) | 0.057*** (0.012) | 0.057*** (0.012) | 0.057*** (0.012) |
| Hispanic ethnicityd,e | 0.098* (0.050) | 0.088 (0.050) | 0.084 (0.050) | −0.003 (0.010) | −0.004 (0.010) | −0.004 (0.010) | −0.004 (0.008) | −0.004 (0.008) | −0.004 (0.008) |
| Malee | −0.118*** (0.027) | −0.121*** (0.027) | −0.123*** (0.027) | 0.007 (0.006) | 0.007 (0.006) | 0.006 (0.006) | 0.006 (0.004) | 0.006 (0.004) | 0.006 (0.004) |
| Prior depressive symptom | 0.394*** (0.008) | 0.393*** (0.008) | 0.393*** (0.008) | 0.011*** (0.002) | 0.011*** (0.002) | 0.011*** (0.002) | 0.008*** (0.001) | 0.008*** (0.001) | 0.008*** (0.001) |
| Prior ADLS | 0.139** (0.046) | 0.138** (0.046) | 0.138** (0.046) | 0.406*** (0.010) | 0.406*** (0.010) | 0.406*** (0.010) | 0.067*** (0.007) | 0.067*** (0.007) | 0.067*** (0.007) |
| Prior IADLS | 0.369*** (0.071) | 0.363*** (0.071) | 0.362*** (0.071) | 0.042** (0.015) | 0.042** (0.015) | 0.042** (0.015) | 0.237*** (0.011) | 0.237*** (0.011) | 0.237*** (0.011) |
| Prior self-assessed health | 0.191*** (0.014) | 0.192*** (0.014) | 0.191*** (0.014) | 0.028*** (0.003) | 0.028*** (0.003) | 0.028*** (0.003) | 0.012*** (0.002) | 0.013*** (0.002) | 0.012*** (0.002) |
| Unmarried | 0.164*** (0.035) | 0.162*** (0.035) | 0.162*** (0.035) | 0.013 (0.007) | 0.013 (0.007) | 0.013 (0.007) | 0.024*** (0.005) | 0.024*** (0.005) | 0.024*** (0.005) |
| Widowed | 0.071 (0.049) | 0.068 (0.049) | 0.068 (0.049) | −0.007 (0.010) | −0.007 (0.010) | −0.007 (0.010) | −0.010 (0.008) | −0.010 (0.008) | −0.010 (0.008) |
| Divorced | 0.061* (0.027) | 0.059* (0.027) | 0.058* (0.027) | −0.002 (0.006) | −0.003 (0.006) | −0.003 (0.006) | −0.007 (0.004) | −0.007 (0.004) | −0.007 (0.004) |
| Household earnings | −0.001 (0.007) | 0.002 (0.007) | 0.001 (0.007) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) |
| Household wealth | −0.017*** (0.003) | −0.016*** (0.003) | −0.016*** (0.003) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001* (0.000) | −0.001* (0.000) | −0.001* (0.000) |
| Social security | −0.012 (0.009) | −0.012 (0.009) | −0.012 (0.009) | 0.000 (0.002) | 0.000 (0.002) | 0.000 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) |
| Intercept | 1.532*** (0.298) | 1.468*** (0.299) | 1.460*** (0.299) | 0.000 (0.064) | −0.006 (0.064) | −0.006 (0.064) | 0.069 (0.046) | 0.068 (0.046) | 0.068 (0.046) |
Notes. ADLs = activities of daily living; CESD = Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression; IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living. n = 5,779 and N = 14,477; Models also account for the inverse Mills ratio estimated from the each of the two sets of first stage models, as well as dummy coded measures of wave of interview. Full results available upon request.
aRemained in full-time work.
bKept employment-based insurance.
cWhite.
dNon-Hispanic.
eIndicates a time-invariant variable.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001 (two-tailed tests) standard errors in parentheses.