Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate GEE Poisson generalized linear model of “high season” Pv and Pf API 2011–2012
| Ward attributes | Plasmodium vivax | Plasmodium falciparum | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||||
| RR | 95% CI | P value | RR | 95% CI | P value | RR | 95% CI | P value | RR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Geographic | ||||||||||||
| Population density (1,000 persons/km2) | 0.99 | 0.98–1.0 | 0.23 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.0 | 0.038 | ||||||
| Location relative to urban city center | ||||||||||||
| Peri-urban vs. central/urban | 0.42 | 0.26–0.67 | 0.00026 | 0.41 | 0.28–0.62 | 0.000017 | 0.41 | 0.22–0.76 | 0.0048 | 0.37 | 0.22–0.62 | 0.00018 |
| Rural vs. ventral/urban | 0.79 | 0.43–1.5 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.2–0.85 | 0.016 | 1.1 | 0.52–2.3 | 0.8 | 0.25 | 0.12–0.53 | 0.00025 |
| Longitude (km) | 1.0 | 0.96–1.0 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.90–1.0 | 0.18 | ||||||
| Latitude (km) | 0.95 | 0.90–1.0 | 0.088 | 0.97 | 0.89–1.1 | 0.41 | ||||||
| Socioeconomic | ||||||||||||
| Ward literacy rate | 0.94 | 0.90–0.99 | 0.023 | 0.97 | 0.91–1.03 | 0.3 | ||||||
| Difference between male and female ward literacy rate | 1.09 | 1.02–1.17 | 0.013 | 1.07 | 0.98–1.16 | 0.14 | ||||||
| Remote sensing | ||||||||||||
| % Area urban dry season 2011 | 1.0 | 0.99–1.0 | 0.72 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.0 | 0.39 | ||||||
| % Area urban monsoon season 2011 | 1.0 | 0.99–1 | 0.33 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.0 | 0.14 | ||||||
| % Urban classification dry season 2011 | ||||||||||||
| Medium density vs. high density | 1.2 | 0.59–2.4 | 0.61 | 1.1 | 0.45–2.6 | 0.87 | ||||||
| Low density vs. high density | 1.1 | 0.58–2.2 | 0.72 | 1.3 | 0.51–3.1 | 0.61 | ||||||
| % Urban classification monsoon season 2011 | ||||||||||||
| Medium density vs. high density | 1.5 | 0.70–3.0 | 0.31 | 1.4 | 0.53–3.5 | 0.52 | ||||||
| Low density vs. high density | 1.4 | 0.64–3.0 | 0.41 | 1.6 | 0.59–4.4 | 0.36 | ||||||
| Distance from rivers (km) | 0.94 | 0.86–1.0 | 0.12 | 0.92 | 0.80–1.1 | 0.27 | ||||||
| Distance from rivers and lakes (km) | 0.83 | 0.74–0.93 | 0.0015 | 0.81 | 0.79–0.93 | 0.00022 | 0.9 | 0.73–1.1 | 0.3 | |||
| % Area green vegetation dry season 2011 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.15 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.032 | ||||||
| % Area green vegetation monsoon season 2011 | 1.0 | 0.99–1.0 | 0.23 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.022 | ||||||
| % Area water monsoon season 2010 (excluding lakes and rivers) | 1.3 | 0.99–1.8 | 0.14 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.9 | 0.0095 | 1.3 | 0.86–1.9 | 0.22 | 1.6 | 1.15–2.1 | 0.005 |
| Land surface temperature monsoon season 2011 | 1.0 | 0.88–1.2 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.77–1.2 | 0.71 | ||||||
| % Area water dry season 2011 (excluding lakes and rivers) | 1.8 | 1.1–3.2 | 0.032 | 2.4 | 1.2–4.6 | 0.013 | ||||||
| Normalized difference vegetation index monsoon season 2011 | 4.1 | 0.36–47 | 0.25 | 84 | 4.0–1,800 | 0.0044 | 39 | 1.4–1,100 | 0.031 | 1,400 | 17–12,000 | 0.0013 |
API = annual parasite index; CI = confidence interval; GEE = generalized estimating equation; Pf = Plasmodium falciparum; Pv = Plasmodium vivax; RR = risk ratio.