Table 4.
Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for breast cancer according to quintile of intake of whole grain and refined grain foods during adolescence among women in the Nurses’ Health Study II
| Quintile of intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Ptrend | |
| Adolescent total whole grain-food intake | ||||||
| All cases | ||||||
| Median intake, serving/day | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.5 | |
| No. of cases/person-years | 270/134,593 | 270/134,862 | 286/134,501 | 259/134,628 | 262/134,488 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95%CI) | 1 | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | 1.08 (0.92–1.28) | 0.98 (0.82–1.16) | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) | 0.88 |
| Multivariable RR (95%CI)‡ | 1 | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) | 0.96 (0.80–1.14) | 0.98 (0.81–1.17) | 0.57 |
| Premenopausal cases | ||||||
| Median intake, serving/day | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.5 | |
| No. of cases/person-years | 126/69,635 | 118/69,585 | 113/69,549 | 113/69,509 | 106/69,439 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95%CI) | 1 | 0.95 (0.73–1.22) | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | 0.90 (0.69–1.16) | 0.86 (0.67–1.12) | 0.28 |
| Multivariable RR (95%CI)‡ | 1 | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) | 0.91 (0.69–1.18) | 0.85 (0.65–1.13) | 0.25 |
| Postmenopausal cases | ||||||
| Median intake, serving/day | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.4 | |
| No. of cases/person-years | 129/53,409 | 124/53,411 | 139/53,181 | 120/53,396 | 128/53,316 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95%CI) | 1 | 0.97 (0.75–1.24) | 1.10 (0.86–1.39) | 0.93 (0.72–1.19) | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 0.92 |
| Multivariable RR (95%CI)‡ | 1 | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) | 1.03 (0.81–1.32) | 0.89 (0.68–1.15) | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 0.61 |
| Adolescent total refined grain-food intake | ||||||
| All cases | ||||||
| Median intake, serving/day | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 4.3 | |
| No. of cases/person-years | 295/134,819 | 259/134,283 | 268/135,101 | 263/133,935 | 262/134,936 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95%CI) | 1 | 0.89 (0.75–1.05) | 0.94 (0.80–1.11) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.78 |
| Multivariable RR (95%CI)‡ | 1 | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) | 0.94 (0.78–1.12) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 0.98 |
| Premenopausal cases | ||||||
| Median intake, serving/day | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 4.3 | |
| No. of cases/person-years | 129/69,801 | 111/69,158 | 104/69,717 | 115/69,410 | 117/69,632 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95%CI) | 1 | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 0.95 (0.73–1.22) | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) | 0.91 |
| Multivariable RR (95%CI)‡ | 1 | 0.92 (0.70–1.20) | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 1.09 (0.78–1.53) | 0.47 |
| Postmenopausal cases | ||||||
| Median intake, serving/day | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 4.2 | |
| No. of cases/person-years | 147/53,464 | 124/53,274 | 122/53,428 | 126/53,262 | 121/53,284 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95%CI) | 1 | 0.85 (0.67–1.09) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.87 (0.69–1.11) | 0.85 (0.67–1.09) | 0.28 |
| Multivariable RR (95%CI)‡ | 1 | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) | 0.80 (0.60–1.06) | 0.78 (0.57–1.08) | 0.21 |
Multivariable model was stratified by age in months at start of follow-up and calendar year of the current questionnaire cycle and was simultaneously adjusted for smoking (never, past, current 1–14/day, current 15–24/day, current ≥25/day), race (white/non-white), parity and age at first birth (nulliparous, parity ≤2 and age at first birth <25 years, parity≤2 and age at first birth 25–<30 years, parity ≤2 and age at first birth ≥30 years, parity 3–4 and age at first birth <25 years, parity 3–4 and age at first birth 25–<30 years, parity 3–4 and age at first birth ≥30 years, parity ≥5 and age at first birth <25 years, parity ≥5 and age at first birth ≥25 years), height (<62, 62–<65, 65–<68, ≥68 inches), BMI at age 18 years (<18.5, 18.5–<22.5, 22.5–<25, 25.0–<30, ≥30.0 kg/m2), weight change since age 18 (continuous, missing indicator), age at menarche (<12, 12, 13, ≥14 years), family history of breast cancer (yes, no), history of benign breast disease (yes, no), oral contraceptive use (never, past, current), adolescent alcohol intake (nondrinker, <5, ≥5 g/day), adult alcohol intake (nondrinker, <5, 5–<15,≥15 g/day), physical activity (quintile), adolescent energy intake (quintile). In postmenopausal women, we additionally adjusted for hormone use (postmenopausal never users, postmenopausal past users, postmenopausal current users), age at menopause (<45 years, 45 to 46 years, 47 to 48, 49 to 50 years, 51 to 52 years, ≥53 years). Among all women, we additionally adjusted for hormone use and menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal never users, postmenopausal past users, postmenopausal current users, unknown menopausal status) and, age at menopause (premenopausal, unknown menopause, <45 years, 45 to 46 years, 47 to 48, 49 to 50 years, 51 to 52 years, ≥53 years).