Table 2.
Demographic, cognitive, clinical, and functional characteristics of the clinical samples and healthy controls
| HC (n=84) |
Clinical Sample 1 (n=277) |
Clinical Sample 2 (n=145) |
Clinical Sample 3 (n=75) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Scale range |
M (SD) | M (SD) | χ2, t, or U | M (SD) | χ2, t, or U | M (SD) | χ2, t, or U | |
| Age | 42.0 (12.2) |
43.4 (11.2) |
−1.08 | 42.3 (10.9) |
−0.31 | 42.2 (11.2) |
−0.19 | |
| Gender (number of males) |
51 (60.7%) |
150 (54.2%) |
0.90 | 78 (53.8%) |
0.84 | 39 (52.0%) |
1.04 | |
| Educationa | 1-8 | 6.0 (1.7) |
4.4 (1.7) | 5740.50*** | 4.7 (1.7) |
3682.50*** | 4.9 (1.7) |
2072.50*** |
| Parental educationa, b |
1-8 | 5.1 (1.9) |
5.5 (2.1) | 4919.50 | 5.5 (2.1) |
4385.00 | 5.4 (2.1) |
2197.50 |
| Family SESa, b | 1-4 | 2.7 (0.7) |
2.7 (0.8) | 4138.00 | 2.7 (0.8) |
3563.00 | 2.7 (0.8) |
1303.50 |
| BACS | 0.0 (1.0) |
−1.6 (1.3) |
12.17*** | −1.3 (1.2) |
8.73*** | −0.9 (1.0) |
−5.79*** | |
| MSCEITb | 102.6 (18.0) |
97.1 (18.4) |
−1.44 | |||||
| Age of onset (years)a |
21.9 (9.7) |
18.1 (7.3) |
17.9 (7.3) |
|||||
| Illness duration (years) |
21.6 (12.5) |
24.3 (12.3) |
24.4 (12.9) |
|||||
| SANS | 0-5 | 5.4 (4.1) |
3.7 (3.6) |
|||||
| SAPS | 0-5 | 2.6 (3.1) |
||||||
| YMRSa | 0-4 | 2.6 (3.5) |
||||||
| BDI-IAb | 0-54 | 1.9 (3.5) |
13.3 (11.0) |
−14.48*** | 12.9 (11.4) |
−10.59*** | 10.8 (9.1) |
−7.74*** |
| PSIb | 0-4 | 1.2 (0.5) |
2.2 (0.7) | −14.30*** | 2.2 (0.6) |
−13.18*** | 2.2 (0.6) |
−11.15*** |
| STAI-Sa, b | 1-4 | 27.6 (6.9) |
41.6 (13.3) |
−10.48*** | 39.0 (12.8) |
−6.81*** | ||
| DES-Na, b | 1-5 | 1.3 (0.7) |
2.4 (0.6) |
−9.70*** | ||||
| SAS-SRb | 0-5 | 1.5 (0.3) |
2.2 (0.5) | −14.80*** | 2.2 (0.5) |
−11.68*** | 2.1 (0.5) |
−9.03*** |
Note.
Data not collected for all clinical participants.
Data not collected for all health control participants. Each clinical sample was not an independent sample and therefore only Pearson chi-square tests (χ2), t-tests, or Mann-Whitney tests (U) were used to compare each clinical sample with the healthy controls. For the education variables, an ordinal ranking was created, with a higher level of education signified by a higher ranking. HC = healthy control. SES = socioeconomic status. BACS = Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. MSCEIT = Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test. SANS = Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. SAPS = Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms. YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale. BDI-IA = revised version of the Beck Depression Inventory. PSI = Psychological Stress Index. STAI-S = state subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Index. DES-N = negative emotion subscale of the modified version of the Differential Emotions Scale. SAS-SR = Social Adjustment Scale – Self-Report. M = mean. SD = standard deviation.
* p < 0.05,
** p < 0.01,
p < 0.001.