Table 2.

Values for Outcome Expectations [Range=0–11] (Mean±SD)

	All (N=295)	Black (n=90)	White (n=191)	p	Cohen’s d*
Quality of sleep	4.2 ± 2.9	4.9 ± 3.0	3.9 ± 2.7	0.004	0.35
Physical Shape & Appearance	6.4 ± 2.4	7.0 ± 2.4	6.1 ± 2.4	0.004	0.38
Depression	3.3 ± 2.9	3.9 ± 3.3	3.1 ± 2.6	0.03	0.27
Tension or Anxiety	4.0 ± 2.9	4.8 ± 3.2	3.7 ± 2.6	0.005	0.38
Concentration	4.1 ± 2.9	4.9 ± 3.1	3.7 ± 2.7	<0.001	0.41
Alertness	4.3 ± 2.9	5.4 ± 3.0	3.8 ± 2.7	<0.001	0.56
Confidence & Well-being	4.4 ± 2.8	4.8 ± 3.0	4.2 ± 2.7	0.06	0.21
Energy	6.0 ± 2.6	6.9 ± 2.7	5.6 ± 2.5	<0.001	0.50
Appetite	2.7 ± 2.5	3.7 ± 3.2	2.2 ± 2.0	<0.001	0.56
Physical Fitness	6.9 ± 2.4	7.2 ± 2.5	6.7 ± 2.4	0.28	0.20
Stress	4.0 ± 2.9	4.8 ± 3.2	3.6 ± 2.7	0.002	0.41
Coping with Stress	4.3 ± 2.9	5.1 ± 3.2	4.0 ± 2.6	0.002	0.38
Mood	4.1 ± 2.8	4.7 ± 3.2	3.8 ± 2.6	0.02	0.31
Weight	6.1 ± 2.8	6.7 ± 2.9	5.8 ± 2.8	0.01	0.32
Eating Habits	5.0 ± 2.9	5.9 ± 3.0	4.6 ± 2.8	<0.001	0.45

^*Effect sizes represented as: 0.2≥ d < 0.5=small; 0.5≥ d < 0.8=medium; d>0.8=large