Table 1. The effect of environmental tobacco smoke exposure during perinatal period on the development of childhood allergic diseases.
| Source | Design | Time to ETS exposure | Outcome | Age at outcome measure (yr) | Pooled risk (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feleszko et al.34) | Meta-analysis | After birth | Allergic sensitization, SPT | Overall | 1.15 (1.04–1.28) |
| <7 | 1.30 (1.05–1.61) | ||||
| ≥7 | 0.96 (0.79–1.18) | ||||
| Allergic sensitization, sIgE | Overall | 1.12 (1.00–1.25) | |||
| <7 | 1.20 (1.05–1.38) | ||||
| ≥7 | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | ||||
| Burke et al.37) | Meta-analysis | In utero | Wheeze | ≤2 | 1.41 (1.19–1.67) |
| 3–4 | 1.28 (1.14–1.44) | ||||
| Asthma | 5–18 | 1.52 (1.23–1.87) | |||
| ≤2 | 1.85 (1.35–2.53) | ||||
| 3–4 | 1.30 (0.88–1.92) | ||||
| 5–18 | 1.23 (1.12–1.44) | ||||
| Maternal smoking, after birth | Wheeze | ≤2 | 1.70 (1.24–2.35) | ||
| 3–4 | 1.65 (1.20–2.28) | ||||
| 5–18 | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) | ||||
| Asthma | ≤2 | 2.47 (0.65–9.39) | |||
| 3–4 | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) | ||||
| 5–18 | 1.20 (0.98–1.44) | ||||
| Silvestri et al.38) | Meta-analysis | Perinatal | <6 | 1.36 (1.19–1.55) | |
| Wheeze | ≥6 | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) | |||
| In utero only | Overall | 1.24 (1.11–1.38) | |||
| Saulyte et al.33) | Meta-analysis | In utero | Allergic rhinitis | Overall | 1.07 (0.92–1.28) |
| Saulyte et al.33) | Meta-analysis | Perinatal | Atopic dermatitis | Overall | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) |
| Saulyte et al.33) | Meta-analysis | Postnatal | Food allergy | Overall | 1.01 (0.56–1.82) |
| Henderson et al.39) | Two birth cohort | <6 Months of age | |||
| ALSPAC | In utero | 1.30 (1.09–1.56) | |||
| After birth | Wheeze | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | |||
| ELSPAC | In utero | 0.99 (0.64–1.55) | |||
| After birth | 1.66 (1.17–2.36) | ||||
| Herberth et al.30) | Birth cohort | In utero | Atopic dermatitis | <1 | 2.15 (1.05–4.40) |
| <2 | 2.02 (1.08–3.77) | ||||
| <3 | 2.02 (1.12–3.67) | ||||
| Sariachvili et al.41) | Birth cohort | In utero, maternal active | <1 | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | |
| In utero, maternal passive | Atopic dermatitis | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | |||
| After birth | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | ||||
| Linneberg et al.42) | Birth cohort | In utero | Atopic dermatitis | ≤18 months of age | |
| Every day | 0.87 (0.78–0.98) | ||||
| Less than every day | 1.07 (0.80–1.44) | ||||
| Jedrychowski et al.44) | Birth cohort | Perinatal | Atopic dermatitis | <1 | 1.13 (0.53–2.42) |
| ETS plus PM2.5 | 2.39 (1.10–5.18) |
ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; CI, confidence interval; SPT, skin prick test; slgE, specific lgE; ALSPAC, the Avon Study of Parents and Children; ELSPAC, the United Kingdom and European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood; PM2.5, particulate matter 2.5.