TABLE 1.

Examples of animal models for Salmonella infection

Model	Salmonella serovar(s)	Disease modeled	Symptoms and readouts	Vaccine safety and efficacy testing?	Reference(s)
Immunocompetent mouse	Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Dublin, Newport, Choleraesuis, Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B	Invasive salmonellosis	Fever, malaise, wt loss, systemic spread to organs, death	Yes	Summarized in reference 36
Immunodeficient mouse	Typhimurium	Invasive salmonellosis	Fever, malaise, wt loss, systemic spread to organs, death	Yes	56, 62–65
Humanized mouse	Typhi	Typhoid fever	Colonization, systemic spread to organs, persistence	No	70, 71
Opium- treated guinea pig	Typhimurium	Invasive salmonellosis	Intestinal pathology, systemic spread to organs, death	No	73, 74
Rat	Typhimurium, Enteritidis	Invasive salmonellosis	Weight loss, malaise, systemic spread to organs, death	Yes	75
Rabbit	Enteritidis, Paratyphi A	Invasive salmonellosis	Systemic spread, fever, wt loss, death	No	81, 82
Streptomycin-treated mouse	Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Dublin, Pullorum	Gastroenteritis	Colonization, systemic spread to organs, intestinal pathology	Yes	143
Suckling mouse	Typhimurium	Gastroenteritis	Fluid accumulation	No	90
Calf	Typhimurium, Dublin	Gastroenteritis	Fever, wt loss, diarrhea, intestinal pathology, death	Yes	101
Ileal loop (calf, rabbit, pig, primate)	Typhimurium, Dublin	Gastroenteritis	Fluid accumulation, intestinal pathology	No	15, 106–108
Chimpanzee	Typhi	Typhoid fever	Fever, malaise, wt loss, diarrhea, intestinal pathology	Yes	117, 118
Rhesus macaque	Typhimurium	Gastroenteritis	Fever, malaise, wt loss, diarrhea, intestinal pathology	Yes	98, 115, 116
C. elegans	Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Dublin	Invasive salmonellosis	Persistence, death	No	124–126
G. mellonella	Typhimurium	Invasive salmonellosis	Death	No	130
Zebrafish	Typhimurium	Invasive salmonellosis	Persistence, death	No	132